1925 ΒΣΨ - Beta Sigma Psi 1929 ΦΑΚ - Phi Alpha Kappa | 12 CA, CO ΦΑΚ - Phi Alpha Kappa 1 | |
10 IL, IN, IA, KS, MO, NE, MI 1927 ΑΓΩ - Alpha Gamma Omega | ||
While the traditional social fraternity is a well-established mainstay across the United States at institutions of higher learning, alternatives - in the form of social fraternities that require doctrinal and behavioral conformity to the Christian faith - developed in the early 20th century. They continue to grow in size and popularity.
Contents
Early 20th century
Christian fraternities were established in the early part of the 20th century; the three largest were Beta Sigma Psi, Alpha Gamma Omega, and Sigma Theta Epsilon, which are still active.
Beta Sigma Psi
Beta Sigma Psi, the oldest Christian fraternity, was founded as a national fraternity for Lutheran students in 1925 at the University of Illinois, home to the largest Greek System in the United States. The fraternity had its origins in the concerns of Rev. Frederick William Gustav Stiegemeyer, the son of a Lutheran pastor, who had been entrusted with the spiritual care of Lutheran students at the University. In the fall of 1919, he organized the Lutheran Illini League with a nucleus of ten students. At that time their intention was to meet once or twice a week for religious instruction and discussion on contemporary issues. In the fall of 1920, now with twenty members, the Lutheran Illini League rented a house, and in early 1921 reorganized as the Concordia Club. By 1923 the group regularly participated in campus activities; so much so that they began being referred to as the "Concordia Fraternity." On April 17, 1925, incorporation papers were filed for Beta Sigma Psi National Lutheran Fraternity in Springfield, Illinois. By 1970, Beta Sigma Psi had grown to eighteen chapters. The fraternity had ten active chapters as of 2016.
Alpha Gamma Omega
Alpha Gamma Omega was established in 1927 at UCLA. The fraternity suffered a decline in chapters and membership before experiencing extensive national growth starting in 1987. As of 2016 it had twelve active chapters.
Sigma Theta Epsilon
Sigma Theta Epsilon is the result of the merger of two local Methodist-affiliated fraternities in 1941: Phi Tau Theta, founded in 1925, and Sigma Epsilon Theta, founded in 1936 at Indiana University. The merged fraternity was initially called Delta Sigma Theta, but the name was changed to Sigma Theta Epsilon in 1949 when a national sorority that was already using the name Delta Sigma Theta threatened legal action.
By the late 1950s, Sigma Theta Epsilon had grown to over twenty chapters. However, its numbers began to decline at the end of the 1960s. The fraternity became non-denominational in 1968. Down to only three chapters by the 1980s, Sigma Theta Epsilon began chartering new chapters again in 1988. The fraternity had twelve active chapters during the 2000s (decade), but as of 2016 had only three active chapters.
Late 20th century
At the same time that the historic Christian fraternities were beginning to rebound from their declining numbers, other groups of Christian fraternities developed, with the rise of the Evangelical Christian movement. The largest, Beta Upsilon Chi, directly led to the founding of three other Christian Greek letter organizations. The second largest, Alpha Nu Omega, was founded three years later.
The Texas Movement
Origins in Austin
Beta Upsilon Chi was founded in 1985 on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin followed by Gamma Phi Delta in 1988, while Kappa Upsilon Chi was founded in 1993 on the campus of Texas Tech University.
Beta Upsilon Chi founders declared it to be an alternative to the stereotypical fraternal lifestyle and set its purpose as "establishing brotherhood and unity among college men, based upon the common bond of Jesus Christ." Though originally conceived as a local Christian fraternity, efforts from Christian students at neighboring Texas schools convinced the founders of BYX to initiate new members and open new chapters. In 1989, BYX leaders initiated men from Texas Christian University to establish the Beta Chapter of Beta Upsilon Chi.
Lubbock
In 1993, Kappa Upsilon Chi was founded by four men who led Christian college ministries, some of whom graduated and entered into the ministry. The Alpha class contained some members formerly of Phi Gamma Delta social fraternity at Texas Tech. The fraternity sought to be a social alternative for Christian men. While it originally had no intentions of expanding, the fraternity grew rapidly.
Expansion to women
In 1988, three years after Beta Upsilon Chi was founded, women from Texas established Sigma Phi Lambda, or Sisters for the Lord. This women's Christian sorority was heavily modeled on BYX and is considered by many to be its sister sorority. However, the Texas Tech chapter of Sigma Phi Lambda is primarily associated with Kappa Upsilon Chi.
As Beta Upsilon Chi inspired Sigma Phi Lambda's establishment, Kappa Upsilon Chi inspired the establishment of Theta Alpha and Delta Alpha Chi, two separate Christian sororities established in Florida.
Growth
Fifty-five chapters of Christian Greek letter organizations (GLO) trace their roots to the Texas Movement. Beta Upsilon Chi and Sigma Phi Lambda both began in 1985.
BYX, with thirty-four chapters in Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Georgia, Missouri, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, Kentucky, Alabama, Michigan, and North Carolina, remains the largest Christian fraternity in the United States.
Mississippi was the first state to offer a Christian fraternity at all of its comprehensive 4 year universities.
Alpha Nu Omega, Incorporated
Alpha Nu Omega, Incorporated was founded in 1988 on the campus of Morgan State University. The organizational purpose is to "present a Christian alternative to the students and or faculty on college/university campuses, to minister to the needs of the whole person (spirit, soul, and body), and to promote an attitude of academic excellence among its members." Alpha Nu Omega is established as far north as New York, as far south as Florida, and as far west as Ohio. While most chapters are located at historically African-American colleges and universities, the organization does not consider itself an African-American Christian organization and welcomes all ethnicities.
The organization exists as one organization but operates as two distinct entities: a fraternity and sorority. The two are bound by one constitution. As of 2016 16 chapters were active.
Other groups
Other Christian fraternities were founded during the second wave of the fraternal movement of the late 20th century and early 21st.
Alpha Omega Co-ed Christian Fraternity, Incorporated
Alpha Omega Co-ed Christian Fraternity, Incorporated was founded in 1994 by Donyll Lewis on the campus of Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The vision of Alpha Omega is based on Revelation 1:8 and the question, "Why join a man-made fraternity when the body of Christ is the largest fraternity in the world?"
Alpha Omega is co-ed and multicultural. Members come together with "One Vision and One Heart" for the purpose of "Building Stronger Christians, Witnessing to those who do not know Christ, Setting up Programs fitting that of Christian Living and Meeting the Concerns of the Students on and off campus and Ensuring Educational Success of its members and non-members."
The fraternity is based in Michigan. It has chapters as far north as Ferris State University in Big Rapids, Michigan and as far south as the University of Toledo, Bowling Green State University in Toledo-Bowling Green, Ohio.
Anointed Students In Unity Fellowship Fraternity & Sorority, Incorporated
Anointed Students In Unity Fellowship was founded on August 13, 1999 on the campus of Albany State University and incorporated on May 30, 2000. Founded by Shannon Thomas and 14 other students, ASUF has grown to eight chapters in Georgia and Florida.
Theta Nu Gamma Christian Fraternity, Incorporated
Seeing the need for unity among Christian men in his community and surrounding areas, Mario Jimerson began to seek God through prayer and fasting. He was awakened from his sleep one night with a vision to start a new Christian Fraternity. This new organization would exemplify true brotherhood and the connection man needs in order to commune with God. In his vision, Mario saw the colors and the name of this new fraternity. With this, he began to write the constitution and bylaws. On Tuesday June 10, 2008, Theta Nu Gamma Christian Fraternity was birthed in Phoenix, Arizona. The God given commission is to teach Men to be Leaders in the Body of Christ and take their rightful place as head of the home.
Megisté Areté Christian Fraternity Inc.
In 1975 Mattie P. Dawson had a vision of a Christian sorority that would cater to the needs of Christian women on college campuses. That vision came to fruition in 1987 at the founding of Elogeme Adolphi Christian Sorority Inc. At the same time, her husband Bishop Harold Dawson had a vision of his own. Bishop Dawson's vision was that this sorority would have a brother fraternity of young men that would serve both as a covering for Elogeme and be a ministry to the needs of Christian college men. Megisté Areté Christian Fraternity Inc. was founded on May 7, 1989 on the campus of Illinois State University. Megisté is Greek for "Greater" or "Greatest and Areté is Greek for "Manhood" or "Manliness". The organization has 10 active chapters.
Local fraternities
The second wave of Christian fraternities was accompanied by "local" fraternities that have only a single chapter.
Branded Chapters
Some non-religious national social fraternities allow individual chapters to brand themselves with unique ideals conforming to specific interests of the local members. Instances have arisen in which a singular chapter of an IFC-affiliated social fraternity brands itself a Christian chapter and initiates members on the basis of national membership standards as well as religious beliefs. One of the oldest such chapters is the Beta Alpha chapter of Theta Xi Fraternity at Georgia Tech which marked itself Christian in 1974. The chapter operates as a social fraternity maintaining a full social calendar and competing alongside other IFC fraternities in Greek Week and Homecoming events, but also emphasizes outreach to the campus and focusing on pursuing Biblical masculinity and Christian brotherhood. It expanded this model to a second chapter at Georgia Southern University. It combines the Christian fraternity mission and lifestyle with the organizational benefits of full IFC membership and a more traditional involvement in the Greek system.
Alpha Iota Omega and North Carolina
Alpha Iota Omega and the University of North Carolina clashed over the University's anti-discrimination policy. The fraternity refused to agree to the policy, which banned religious discrimination. As a result, Alpha Iota Omega was not officially recognized by the university for the 2003-2004 academic year. The fraternity sought assistance from the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, a civil liberties group, and the Alliance Defense Fund, an American legal alliance defending religious liberties. A lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina on August 25, 2004, citing the incident in Fall 2003 when UNC administrator Jonathan Curtis refused to extend the benefits of official recognition to AIO.
This is not the first legal scuffle between a Christian organization and the University of North Carolina administration, and the university has claimed that Intervarsity Christian Fellowship's policy that leaders must be Christian is also discriminatory. The lawsuit is currently pending.
Beta Upsilon Chi and Georgia
In late 2006, Pi Chapter of Beta Upsilon Chi, at the University of Georgia, was not registered as a student organization by University officials "because the group requires its members and officers to share the group’s Christian beliefs."
After months of negotiation between University officials, student officers of the local chapter, and officials at the fraternity's national headquarters in Texas, attorneys with the Christian Legal Society and Alliance Defense Fund filed a civil rights suit on December 6, 2006 in federal court against the University on behalf of Beta Upsilon Chi.
The next day, December 7, published reports in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution indicated that "the University [would] remove the religion clause from the [University's anti-discrimination] policy for the Christian fraternity to settle this particular situation and is discussing 'an exception to religious discrimination (that) could be put into place much like an exception to gender discrimination is in place for same-sex social fraternities and sororities.'"