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Like many other Hassidic sects, Chabad-Lubavitch has its own unique niggunim, or traditional melodies. Chabad niggunim were either composed or taught by the Rebbe of Chabad or their Hassidim. Niggunim are used to aid for meditation during Chasidic prayer or Torah study, as well as during farbrengens. some of these ancient Chabad melodies have recently made their way into mainstream music.
Contents
- The Chabad style of niggun
- Chronological list of Chabad niggunim
- Niggunim of the Baal Shem Tov and his Students
- Niggunim of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi
- Niggunim of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri
- Niggunim of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn
- Niggunim of the Shmuel Schneersohn
- Niggunim of the Rebbe Rashab
- Niggunim of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn
- Niggunim of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
- References
The Chabad style of niggun
Chabad niggunim are admired across Hasidism for their intellectual content, expressing the aim in Chabad to investigate Hasidic philosophy using the mind as the route to the heart. The second Rebbe, Dovber Schneuri, distinguished between mainstream Hasidic emotional "enthusiasm" in worship, that is fostered outwards, and the Chabad ideal of inwardly created "ecstasy". His "Tract on Ecstasy", an unusually personal mystical account in Judaism, guides the follower in the meditative stages of the Chabad approach to Dveikus (fervour). In this ideal, ecstasy is an inner emotional expression, and can remain concealed in the warmth of the heart. In Chabad terminology, the aim of this is to reach "Pnimius" (inward Ohr) over "Hitzonius" (outward light). The fundamental Chabad text, the Tanya, articulates this method in Jewish meditation of "hisbonenus" (contemplative understanding). In classic Chabad thought, externally inspired emotional worship is considered a distracting path from deeper content, though this idealistic aim requires time to contemplate that may not always be available. In the present generation, more emphasis has been given in Chabad to outreach, though the classic ideal is venerated in legendary accounts of Hasidim, told in Farbrengen gatherings.
Chabad Rebbes told of two characteristic categories of follower, the "Oveid" who seeks practical Divine "service" from their mystical inspiration, and the "Maskil" whose first aim is deeper understanding of Hasidic thought. The average person can combine both archetypes in their daily life. Some Chabad niggunim are more suited to moments of inward contemplation, and others celebrate and inspire outward fulfillment. One renowned story both cautions against mixing the two necessary aspects, and also playfully recommends not to be overly concerned by their overlap:
A well known Hasid was filling out the company accounts at work. In the final tally, he answered the question of total outcome with the Hasidic aphorism that "Ein Od Milvado"! This means, "There is nothing outside of God", as in Chabad Divine Unity means only God truly exists. His fellow Hasid reprimanded his mixing of Hasidic and secular life. He replied that in prayer, people are not usually upset by their minds being diverted in secular thoughts. So, he concluded, it isn't so bad for holy thoughts to intrude in Worldly matters!
In Hasidic terminology, meditative dveikus niggunim correspond to "Lower Teshuvah" (Lower Return to God), and celebratory joyful niggunim to "Higher Teshuvah" (Higher Return). In Hasidic philosophy, such as explained in the third section of the Tanya, Teshuvah does not only involve repentance and rectification of previous spiritual faults. Rather, as the Baal Shem Tov taught, even perfectly righteous Tzadikim should return to God, in the higher Teshuvah of continual ascent in holiness. According to Kabbalistic exegesis of the Hebrew word "Teshuvah" (תשובה), it means "Returning the letter hei" (תשוב-ה). The Tetragrammaton Divine name has two letters "hei", the second one corresponding to the lower revealed levels of the Four Worlds, and the first one corresponding to the higher concealed realms. Lower teshuvah returns the second hei in rectification, higher teshuvah redeems the higher hei in holy ascent. The seventh Rebbe of Chabad taught that the main focus of our generation is in the "Higher Teshuvah". Accordingly, while the main niggunim of the previous Chabad Rebbes were meditative, many of the niggunim of the seventh Rebbe are joyful outward expressions.
Chronological list of Chabad niggunim
On auspicious days in the Jewish calendar, the main niggun of each Rebbe is sung in Hasidic gatherings in successive order. This can take place on 19 Kislev, the last day of Passover or at the close of Shavuot.
Niggunim of the Baal Shem Tov and his Students
The first two generations of the general Hasidic movement, under the Baal Shem Tov and his successor the Maggid of Mezeritch.
Niggunim of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi
First generation of Chabad.
Niggunim of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri
Second generation of Chabad. Rabbi Dovber (also known as the Mitteler Rebbe) did not compose melodies of his own. Rather, his followers formed a choir called "The Mitteler Rebbe's Kapelya" would compose melodies.
Niggunim of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn
Third generation of Chabad.
Nigun Histatchus
Niggunim of the Shmuel Schneersohn
Fourth generation of Chabad.
Niggunim of the Rebbe Rashab
Fifth generation of Chabad.
Niggunim of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn
Sixth generation of Chabad.
Niggunim of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Seventh generation of Chabad. The Rebbe taught a new niggun on every Simchas Torah until the year that his mother, Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson died. It is unknown if the Rebbe composed these niggunim.