Butyrka prison (Russian: Бутырка, a colloquial term for the official Бутырская тюрьма, Butyrskaya tyurma) is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia. It was the central transit prison in Tsarist Imperial Russia. During Soviet times, it held many political prisoners. Currently Butyrka remains the largest of Moscow remand prisons. Overcrowding continues to be a problem.
The first references to Butyrka prison may be traced back to the 17th century. The present prison building was erected in 1879 near the Butyrsk gate (Бутырская застава, or Butyrskaya zastava) on the site of a prison-fortress which had been built by the architect Matvei Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great. The towers of the old fortress once housed the rebellious Streltsy during the reign of Peter I, and later on hundreds of participants of the 1863 January Uprising in Poland. Members of Narodnaya Volya were also prisoners of the Butyrka in 1883, as were the participants in the Morozov Strike of 1885. The Butyrka prison was known for its brutal regime. The prison administration resorted to violence every time the inmates tried to protest against anything.
Among its famous inmates were the influential revolutionary poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, the Russian revolutionary Nikolay Bauman, the founder of the KGB Felix Dzerzhinsky (who was one of the few individuals to stage a successful escape from the prison).
During the February Revolution, the workers of Moscow freed all the political prisoners from the Butyrka.
After the October Revolution Butyrka remained a place of internment for political prisoners and a transfer camp for people sentenced to be sent to the Gulag. During the Great Purge about twenty thousand inmates at a time were imprisoned in Butyrka. Thousands of political prisoners were shot after investigations. Later, prominent political prisoners included the writers Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Yevgenia Ginzburg.
Shalamov notes, in one of his tales, that the Butyrka is extremely hot in summer; Eduard Limonov, in his drama Death in the Police Van, emphatically agrees. He says that, with the collapse of the Soviet regime, overcrowding has become a real issue; there are more than one hundred inmates in cells meant to contain ten people. Most of these people are politically unreliable subjects from the Caucasus. Since epidemics are a problem, the wardens try to fill cells entirely with people with AIDS, or with tuberculosis; however, this avails little, since many inmates are drug users, and there is at most one needle per cell. Moreover, inmates are brought to the tribunal in overcrowded police vans, so that a healthy inmate may breathe the same air as one with tuberculosis. The Butyrka has a peculiar slang: the wardens are called "manti", the inmates "patzani", to take drugs is "smazatsia", i. e., to oil oneself. The word khuy is used profusely. On a lighter note, television has been allowed since 1995.
Fabijan Abrantovich, a well-known Catholic priest and a pro-independence activist from Belarus.
Anna Abrikosova, a nun of the Dominican Order and prominent figure in the Russian Catholic Church.
Andrei Amalrik, Russian historian and famed dissident during the 1960s. Author of "Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984".
Władysław Anders, Polish general and prime minister.
Isaak Babel, writer, killed in 1940.
Aron Baron, Ukrainian anarchist.
Garig Basmadjian, (still speculated) famous art dealer. Still missing. Last seen 1991 by Alexander Budilov.
Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz, Polish general and one of the leaders of anti-communist opposition in the 1970s.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Kazakh statesman.
Walerian Czuma, Polish general.
Felix Dzerzhinsky, Cheka founder.
Vladimir Dzhunkovsky, Russian statesman.
Blessed Leonid Feodorov, Exarch and reputed bishop of the Russian Catholic Church.
Rashid Khan Gaplanov, Education and Finance Minister of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
Yevgenia Ginzburg, author of Journey into the Whirlwind and Within the Whirlwind and mother of the writer Vasili Aksyonov. In her books, she tells the incredible story of her arrest during the 1937 purges in the city of Kazan, where she worked as a leading member of the local Communist Party structures of Tartary.
Vladimir Gusinsky, led to the "shares for freedom" transaction or Protocol No.6 (Протокол N.6. Доля свободы) that was signed by Minister for Press, Broadcasting and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, Mikhail Lesin
Werner Haase, one of Adolf Hitler's personal physicians, died in captivity in 1950.
Heinz Hitler, German dictator Adolf Hitler's favorite nephew died after several days of torture in 1942.
Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet and futurist, killed in 1938
Stanisław Jasiukowicz, Polish minister, tortured to death in Butyrki in 1946.
Elena Karpuchina, the 1967 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Champion, born in 1951 and spend first 2 years living in Butyrki until her mothers pardon in 1953.
Sergei Korolev, Russian rocket and spacecraft designer.
Walter Linse a German human rights lawyer kidnapped in the American Sector of Berlin in July 1952 executed 15 December 1953.
Blessed Zygmunt Łoziński, Catholic bishop of Minsk.
Sergei Magnitsky, famous lawyer whose 2008 death in Butykra led to a 2009 Russian law forbidding jailing of tax criminals.
Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist.
Vladimir Mayakovsky, poet.
Leopold Okulicki, Polish general, last commander of the Armia Krajowa, killed in Butyrki in 1946.
Konstantin Päts, president of the Republic of Estonia when it became occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940.
Yemelyan Pugachev, pretender to the Russian throne and leader of a Cossack insurrection in 1773-1774.
Varlam Shalamov, writer and soviet dissident. Wrote The Kolyma Tales.
Kazys Skučas, Lithuanian politician and general of the Lithuanian Army.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, famous Nobel Prize laureate, writer and dissident. Wrote The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.
Elena Stasova, Russian communist.
Karlo Štajner, Yugoslav communist activist and writer.
Léon Theremin, a pioneer of electronic music, the inventor of the theremin and an electronic eavesdropping bug.
Sergei Tretyakov, Avant-Garde playwright during the 1920s. He apparently threw himself down a prison stairwell to avoid execution.
Augustinas Voldemaras, once the prime minister of Lithuania, died in this prison after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940.
Avgustyn Voloshyn, former president of Carpatho-Ukraine, died in Butyrka in 1945.
Jonas Žemaitis, Lithuanian general, head of the Lithuanian anti-Soviet partisan forces after World War II, shot to death in 1953.
