The Bugei Juhappan (武芸十八般 "Eighteen kinds of martial arts") were a selection of combat techniques and corollary arts used by the samurai of Tokugawa-era Japan. The concept was established by Hirayama Gyozo, based on earlier Chinese traditions such as Eighteen Arms of Wushu.
The eighteen arts consisted of a mixture of native Japanese and imported Chinese martial techniques and tactics. The exact list varies, but is commonly held to include:
Kyujutsu, archerySojutsu, spear-fightingKenjutsu, fencingIaijutsu, sword-drawingTantojutsu, knife-fightingJuttejutsu, fighting with a truncheonShurikenjutsu, throwing weaponsNaginatajutsu, fighting with a polearmHojutsu, shooting (with firearms)Bojutsu, stick-fightingKusarigamajutsu, fighting with a chain-and-sickleHojojutsu, tying up an opponentBajutsu, horseridingSuieijutsu, swimming in armourNinjutsu, espionageOther arts which were often included in the list of eighteen were:
Chikujojutsu, fortifying a castle against siegeYawara, wrestlingFukumibarijutsu, needle-spittingYabusame, mounted archeryMojirijutsu, fighting with a barbed staffYadomejutsu, deflecting flying arrowsSaiminjutsu, hypnotismJujutsu, grappling and fighting unarmed.