Group Group V ((-)ssRNA) Family Paramyxoviridae Species Porcine rubulavirus | Order Mononegavirales Genus Rubulavirus | |
Blue eye disease is caused by La Piedad Michoacán Mexico virus (LPMV), the only member of the species Porcine rubulavirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Synonyms for the disease include "Blue Eye Syndrome" and "Porcine Paramyxovirus Blue Eye Disease", and "La Piedad Michoacán Paramyxovirus Infection".
Contents
Description
Blue eye disease is a viral disease that is commonly identified by encephalitis, pneumonia, and respiratory diseases in piglets. It also causes reproductive failure in adult pigs, and rarely identifies with corneal opacity, an eye disorder characterized by scarring of the cornea.
Etiology
Blue eye disease is caused by the porcine rubulavirus, which first emerged in 1980 throughout parts of Mexico, including La Piedad, Michoacan, Jalisco, and Guanajuato.
Location
Blue eye disease in swine has only been reported in Mexico.
It can affect not only pigs but also dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits.
The virus is transmitted directly and indirectly by fomites and birds and can be found throughout the body, including neurons and most soft tissues.
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Blue eye disease typically begins in piglets that are between 2–21 days old; 90 percent of the pigs that become infected with the disease die. It usually begins with a sudden onset of fever, arched back, or depression. The disease then progresses with neurological symptoms including weakness, ataxia, muscle tremors, abnormal posture, and rigidity of the hind legs. Some other symptoms associated with this disease are conjunctivitis, blindness, nystagmus, constipation, and diarrhea. Younger pigs can suffer from neurological and respiratory signs which can be quite severe. Mature pigs may suffer blueing of the pupils in their eyes and reproductive difficulties.
Adults of both sexes may become infertile and sows may suffer from abortions and stillbirths.
Diagnosis
Blue eye disease outbreaks can happen throughout the year but are most common during spring and summer months of April to July. The mortality rate usually rises and falls and between a two to nine week time frame. After the epidemic subsides, no more cases occur unless new susceptible pigs are introduced into the farm. In severe outbreaks of the disease a presumptive diagnosis can be made. Serological testing via virus neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition testing can be performed to diagnose the disease. Virus isolation from tissue samples is also possible.
Necropsy findings can help confirm the diagnosis.
Symptoms
Treatment and control
There is no treatment for the disease. Symptomatic treatment for the inflammatory and respiratory signs can be given, but severe cases may require euthanasia.
General biosecurity protocols including adequate quarantine, testing, and disinfection can help prevent the entry or spread of the disease into a herd.