Black petrel

Updated on Dec 09, 2024

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Kingdom Animalia Order Procellariiformes Genus Procellaria Higher classification Procellaria		Phylum Chordata Family Procellariidae Scientific name Procellaria parkinsoni Rank Species

Similar Bird, Procellaria, Westland petrel, Cook's petrel, Buller's shearwater

Black petrels of aotea great barrier island bird monitoring

The black petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni), also called the Parkinson's petrel, is a large, black petrel, the smallest of the Procellaria. The species is an endemic breeder of New Zealand, breeding only on Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island, off the North Island. At sea it disperses as far as Australia and Ecuador.

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Black petrel for bird of the year

Description

Black petrel Encounter Kaikoura Albatross Encounter Update February 2010

All black except for pale sections on bill

Medium-sized petrel (average about 700 g)

Wingspan averages 110 cm

Often seen in the outer Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand from October to May

Oldest banded bird recorded is 29 years (E. Bell, pers. comm.)

Breeding sites:

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Endemic to New Zealand - previously found throughout North Island and Northwest Nelson but predators (feral cats, pigs) caused their extinction on the mainland from about the 1950s (Medway 2002)

Now restricted to main colony on Great Barrier Island (c. 5000 birds over summer, including approximately 1300 breeding pairs and 1000 “pre-breeders” seeking mates (Bell et al. 2011)

Small colony present on Little Barrier Island of c. 250 birds (Imber 1987)

Population decline:

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Classified under DOC Threat Classification System as Nationally Vulnerable (Miskelly et al. 2008) and by the International Union for Conservation of Nature or IUCN Red list: Vulnerable

Land-based population research at their breeding colonies since 1995 indicates the species is declining at a rate of at least 1.4% per year (Bell et al. In press A)

At current survival rates, a fledged bird has a 1 in 20 chance of reaching breeding age (4+ years) and must breed 20 times successfully just to replace the current population.

Breeding:

Breeding takes place from October to June in the Hauraki Gulf

Adults return to the colony in mid-October to clean burrows, pair and mate with the same partner (Imber 1987)

Males will return to the same burrow every year and try to attract another female if their mate does not return or if there is a “divorce” (about 12% annually) (Bell et al. 2011)

Pairs then depart on “honeymoon”, returning to the colony again in late November when the females lay a single egg (Imber 1987)

Both birds share incubation of the egg for 57 days (about 8 weeks) (Imber 1987)

Eggs can hatch from late January through February (Imber 1987)

Chicks fledge after 107 days (15 weeks) from mid-April through to late June (Imber 1987) - about 75% of chicks survive to fledge (Bell et al. 2011)

In 2011 breeding success fell to 61% (Bell, unpublished data) for unknown reasons

Adults and chicks migrate to South America for winter (to waters off the Ecuador coast) (Imber 1987, Bell et al. In press B) – only 10% of fledged chicks survive this first year

Juveniles will remain at sea in the West Pacific for 3–4 years until they are ready to breed – survival rate is 46% during this time vs 90% for birds over 3 years old (Bell et al. 2011)

At about 4 years old, pre-breeding birds will fly back to the colony to find a mate – this may take 1-2 seasons (Bell et al. 2011)

Range while at sea:

In addition to breeding birds, there are likely to be a further 6000 juveniles, pre-breeders and non-breeding birds at sea

Black petrels may range from the east coast of Australia all the way to the coast of South America between Mexico and Peru and the Galapagos islands (Bell et al. In press B)

Females and males forage separately and in different places – it is not known why (Bell et al. 2009, Bell et al. In press B)

Birds forage much closer to the Hauraki Gulf over the summer and autumn while incubating an egg and raising a chick – mainly in the Tasman Sea and to the North East of NZ (Bell et al. 2009, Bell et al. In press B)

They may feed at night or during the day (unlike albatrosses which do not feed at night) (Imber 1976)

Birds will aggressively follow fishing boats and long line hooks and may dive up to 20m below the surface after baits (Imber 1976)

Black petrels can cover amazing distances – the longest recorded foraging trip for a bird from Great Barrier is 39 days (Bell et al. 2009, Bell et al. In press)

Mapping of foraging patterns against fishing activity in NZ waters is currently underway (see reports – Bell et al. 2009, Bell et al. In press).

Threats to survival

While at sea:

Black petrels are caught by commercial and recreational fishers both in New Zealand and overseas (Abraham et al. 2010, Thompson 2010, Richard et al. 2011).

Ministry of Fisheries research shows the black petrel is the most at risk seabird in NZ from commercial fishing, estimating that between 725 and 1524 birds may have been killed each year in the period 2003 to 2009 (Richard et al. 2011).

Petrels may be drowned by taking long line hooks after they are set (launched) or when they are being pulled onto boats.

Inshore snapper and bluenose bottom long line fisheries are the greatest risks, especially where fisheries overlap with foraging patterns of breeding birds (Richard et al. 2011).

Reported deaths by fishers are low – since 1996, there have been only 38 birds reported caught and killed in NZ waters by local commercial fishers, mainly on domestic tuna long-line and on snapper fisheries (Richards et al. 2011, Thompson 2011, Bell et al. In Press A).

Less than 0.5% of boats in these high risk fisheries had observers on board in any one year.

The level of deaths in fisheries outside NZ waters is unknown.

There are anecdotal capture reports from recreational fishers especially in the outer Hauraki Gulf (Abraham et al. 2010) where birds are commonly reported.

Threats in main breeding colony:

On Great Barrier feral pigs are known to dig up burrows and eat eggs and chicks – in one example in 1996 pigs destroyed 8 burrows in one incident (Bell & Sim 1998).

Feral cats can kill adults on the ground or at the nest as well as chicks

Cat numbers on Great Barrier are impacted by trapping by the Department of Conservation in the Whangapoua basin but there has been no specific protection of the colony to date

Kiore and ship rats are also present on Great Barrier but predation levels are between 1 and 6.5% per annum (Bell et al. 2011); kiore cannot eat through a black petrel egg

Risk to black petrel survival from a one-off event/events is significant due to limited habitat for breeding / i.e. a single site on Hirakimata on Great Barrier Island (for example fire, storm damage or predator invasion at main colony).

References

Black petrel Wikipedia

(Text) CC BY-SA

Black petrels of aotea great barrier island bird monitoring

Contents

Black petrel for bird of the year

Description

Threats to survival

References