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Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
None (1875–1877) Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson |
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States (1869–1877) following his success as military commander in the American Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military; the war, and secession, ended with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox Court House. As president, Grant led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African American citizenship, and defeat the Ku Klux Klan. In foreign policy, Grant sought to increase American trade and influence, while remaining at peace with the world. Although his Republican Party split in 1872 as reformers denounced him, Grant was easily reelected. During his second term the country's economy was devastated by the Panic of 1873, while investigations exposed corruption scandals in the administration. The conservative white Southerners regained control of Southern state governments and Democrats took control of the federal House of Representatives. By the time Grant left the White House in 1877, his Reconstruction policies were being undone. After leaving office, Grant embarked on a two-year world tour that included many enthusiastic receptions. In 1880, he made an unsuccessful bid for a third presidential term. However, his memoirs, written as he was dying, were a critical and popular success, and his death prompted an outpouring of national mourning. Historical assessments of the Grant Administration have traditionally been critical; Grant's presidency having been ranked among the lowest by historians. Grant's reputation was marred by his defense of corrupt appointees and by his conservative deflationary policy during the Panic of 1873. While still below average, his reputation among scholars has significantly improved in recent years because of greater appreciation for his commitment to civil rights, moral courage in his prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan, and enforcement of voting rights.
There are abundant historical material resources on Grant and his role during the Civil War and thereafter. However, there have been few historical scholarly studies, mostly negative, on his presidency. Analysis of Grant's presidency by some modern scholars, including Grant biographers Jean Edward Smith (2001) and H.W. Brands (2012), have generally been more positive and less critical of Grant. Encyclopedic presidential summary biographies of Grant rely heavily on secondary sources and tend to offer non scholarly negative views of Grant. According to one bibliographical source, to obtain a more complete assessment of Grant and his presidency during Reconstruction both contemporary, primary, and scholarly accounts of Grant, his Inaugural Addresses, including his communications and annual messages to Congress are recommended readings. In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, Mississippi State University was selected as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's Presidential Library. Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.
Biographical and political
Badeau, Adam (1887). Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor. New York: D.Appleton.
Brands, H. W. (2012). The Man Who Saved The Union Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace. New York: Doubleday.
Brands, H. W. (2012). "Presidents in Crisis Grant: Takes on the Klan". American History: 42–47.
Broadwater, Robert P. (2012). Ulysses S. Grant: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-3133-9255-9.
Brown, E. E. (1885). Life of Ulysses Simpson Grant. D. Lothrop & Company.
Burr, Frank A.; Newman, John Philip (1885). A new, original and authentic record of the life and deeds of General U. S. Grant. Empyreal publishing house.
Bunting III, Josiah (2004). Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6949-6.
Cadwallader, Sylvanus, 1955 Three years with Grant, as recalled by war correspondent Sylvanus Cadwallader Knopf Publishers, New York
Carpenter, John A. (1970). Ulysses S. Grant. Twayne Publishers, New York. {eBook}
Church, William Conant (1897). Ulysses S. Grant and the period of national preservation and reconstruction. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. (e'Book)
Clarke,, O. P. (1895). General Grant at Mount MacGregor. Cozzens & Waterbury. (e'Book)
Coolidge, Louis (1917). Ulysses S. Grant. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, New York.
Corning, Amos Elwood (1918). Hamilton Fish. The Lanmere publishing co.
Cox, Jacob Dolson (July 1895). "How Judge Hoar Ceased to be Attorney General". Atlantic Monthly Making of America. Cornell University Library. 76 (454): 162–173.
Cross, Nelson (1872). The Modern Ulysses, LL. D.: His Political Record. J. S. Redfield.
Dowdall, Denise M (2013). From Cincinnati to the Colorado Ranger: The Horsemanship of Ulysses S. Grant. BookBaby. ISBN 978-0-9574-0213-3.
Dunning, William (1905). Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865–1877. 22.
Edmonds, Franklin Spencer (1915). Ulysses S. Grant. George W. Jacobs, Publishers, Philadelphia.
Fairman, Charles (1971). Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864-88. Macmillan.
Flood, Charles Bracelen (2005). Grant and Sherman: The Friendship That Won the Civil War. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-114871-7.
—— (2011). Grant's Final Victory: Ulysses S. Grant's Heroic Last Year. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-3068-2056-4.
Foner, Eric (2002) [1988]. Reconstruction, America's unfinished revolution, 1863-1877. Harper Collins (original publisher: Harper & Row). ISBN 978-0-0609-3716-4.
Frantz, Edward O. (2014). A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865-1881. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4443-3928-4.
Grant, Julia Dent; Simon, John Y. (1988). The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant). SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-1443-0.
Garland, Hamlin (1898). Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co.
Hardy, William E. (2008). "South of the Border: Ulysses S. Grant and the French Intervention". Civil War History. 54 (1): 63+. doi:10.1353/cwh.2008.0008.
Headley, Joel Tyler (1872). The Life of Ulysses S. Grant. K. B. Treat Publishing, New York.
—— (1879). The Life and Travels of General Grant. Hubbard Bros, Philadelphia.
Hesseltine, William B. (1957) [1935]. Ulysses S. Grant: Politician. New York, New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. ISBN 1-931313-85-7.
King, Charles (1914). The True Ulysses S. Grant. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, London.
Kohn, George C. (2000). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4420-1.
Kreiser, Christine (2013). "Royal Visit". American History. 47 (6): 19.
Longacre, Edward G. (2006). General Ulysses S. Grant The Soldier And The Man. Cambridge, Massachusetts: First De Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81269-X.
Mantell, Martin E. (1973). Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction. New York: Columbia University Press.
Martinez, James Michael (2007). Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5078-0.
McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York, New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-440-05923-2.
—— (1981). Grant: A Biography. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01372-3. ; Pulitzer Prize
Nevins, Allan (1957) [1936]. Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration, Volume I. New York: Dodd, Mead.
—— (1957) [1936]. Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration, Volume II. New York: Dodd, Mead.
Patrick, Rembert W. (1968). The Reconstruction of the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Perry, Mark (2004). Grant and Twain. New York: Random House.
Thomas M., Pitkin (2010). The Captain Departs: Ulysses S. Grant's Last Campaign. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-8611-6.
Rable, George C. (2007). But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
Remlap, L.T. (1879). General U. S. Grant's tour around the world : embracing his speeches, receptions, and description of his travels : with a biographical sketch of his life. James Betts publishers.
—— (1885). The life of General U.S. Grant, his early life, military achievements, and history of his civil administration, his sickness and death, together with his tour around the world. Chicago, Fairbanks & Palmer Pub. Co.
Renehan, A; Lowry, J C (July 1995). "The oral tumours of two American presidents: what if they were alive today?". J R Soc Med. 88 (7): 377–383. PMC 1295266. PMID 7562805.
Richardson, Albert Deane (1868). A personal history of Ulysses S. Grant. American publishing company, Hartford, Conn.
Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. 6 & 7.
Sarna, Jonathan (2012). When General Grant Expelled the Jews. New York: Nextbook Press. ISBN 978-0-8052-4279-9.
Scaturro, Frank J. (1998). President Grant Reconsidered. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
Simpson, Brooks D. (1991). Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
Simpson, Brooks D. The Reconstruction Presidents. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Simpson, Brooks D. (2000). Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-65994-9.
Simon, John Y. (2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry. The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.). pp. 245–260.
Smith, Jean Edward (2001). Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
Thayer, William M. (1885). From Tannery to the White House: The Life of Ulysses S. Grant : His Boyhood, Youth, Manhood, Public and Private Life and Services. James H. Earle, Boston.
Unger, Irwin (2015) [1968]. Greenback Era. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7766-9.
Venable, Shannon L. (2011). Gold: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO LLC. ISBN 978-0-313-38430-1.
Waltmann, Henry G. (Winter 1971). "Circumstantial Reformer: President Grant & the Indian Problem". Arizona and the West. 13 (4): 323–342. JSTOR 40168089.
Waugh, Joan (2009). U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3317-9.
White, Ronald C. (2016). American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-5883-6992-5.
Woodward, William E. (1931). Meet General Grant, Garden Publishing Company, (Original from University of Virginia Press), 524 pages
Woodward, C. Vann (April 1957). "The Lowest Ebb". American Heritage. 8 (3): 53–108.
Badeau, Adam (1881). Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April 1861, to April 1865. New York: D. Appleton.
Ballard, Michael B. (2013). Grant at Vicksburg: The General and the Siege. Southern Illinois University Press.
Catton, Bruce (1954). U.S. Grant and the American Military Tradition. Boston: Little, Brown.
—— (1960). Grant Moves South. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-13207-1.
—— (1968). Grant Takes Command. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-13210-1.
Davis, William C. (2014). Crucible of Command. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82245-2.
Donovan, James (2008). A Terrible Glory Custer and the Little Bighorn --- The Last Great Battle of the American West. New York: Back Ray Books. ISBN 978-0-316-06747-8.
Farina, William (2007). Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-2977-6.
Flood, Charles Bracelen (2005). Grant and Sherman The Friendship That Won The Civil War. New York, New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-114871-7.
Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. (1957). Grant and Lee, a Study in Personality and Generalship. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-13400-5.
—— (1991). The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant. Da Capo Press. p. 446. ISBN 9780306804502.
Kantor, MacKinlay, 2007. Lee and Grant at Appomattox, Sterling Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-402-7512-40
Korda, Michael (2004). Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero. New York: Atlas Books/HarperCollins.
Korn, Bertram W. (1951). American Jewry and the Civil War. New York: Jewish Publication Society of America.
Lewis, Lloyd (1950). Captain Sam Grant. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-52348-8.
McWhiney, Grady (1995). Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee. Fort Worth, Texas: Ryan Place Publishers.
McDonough, James Lee (1977). Shiloh: In Hell Before Night. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press.
McDonough, James Lee (1984). Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press.
McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
Maney, R. Wayne (1994). Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Pub. Co.
Matter, William D. (1988). If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
Miers, Earl Schenck (1955). The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg. New York: Knopf.
Mosier, John (2006). Grant. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1-4039-7136-6. ; received negative reviews
Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union (4 vol 1959-71), comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the war.
Rhea, Gordon C. (1994). The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.
Rhea, Gordon C. (1997). The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
Rhea, Gordon C. (2000). To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.
Rhea, Gordon C. (2002). Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.
Schenker, Carl R. (June 2010). "Ulysses in His Tent: Halleck, Grant, Sherman, and 'The Turning Point of the War'". Civil War History. 56 (2).
Simpson, Brooks D. (2009). After Shiloh: Grant, Sherman, and Survival. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.
Steere, Edward (1960). The Wilderness Campaign. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Co.
Williams, Kenneth P. (1959). Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War. 5. New York: Macmillan.
Williams, T. Harry (1962). McClellan, Sherman and Grant. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 – 1865. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41218-2.
Bonekemper III, Edward H. (2004). A Victor, Not a Butcher: Ulysses S. Grant's Overlooked Military Genius. Washington, DC: Regnery. ISBN 0-89526-062-X.
Bonekemper III, Edward H. (April 2011). "The butcher's bill: Ulysses S. Grant is often referred to as a 'butcher,' but does Robert E. Lee actually deserve that title?". Civil War Times. 52 (1): 36–43.
Foner, Eric (November 2, 2012). ""The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace" by H. W. Brands (book review)". The Washington Post.
Hackett, Frank Warren (1911). "Chapter III: The Alabama Claims – The Treaty of Washington". Reminiscences of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration, 1872, the Alabama Claims. New York City: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 45–50. OCLC 2621753.
Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). McFeely, Mary Drake; McFeely, William S., eds. Memoirs and Selected Letters. The Library of America. ISBN 978-0-940450-58-5.
McPherson, Edward (1880) [First published 1871]. "Chapter LIII: XVth Amendment, Votes on Ratification, Proclamation of Ratification, Bills Enforcing and Votes Thereon". The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: Chapman. p. 545. ISBN 1-4255-6744-4. OCLC 492311406.
Murray, Robert K.; Blessing, Tim H. (2004). Greatness in White House. Pennsylvania State University Press.
Paxson, Frederic Logan; Bach, Christian A. (1931). "Ulysses S. Grant". Dictionary of American Biography. VII. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 492–501.
Porter, Horace (1897). Campaigning with Grant. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books.
Rafuse, Ethan S. (July 2007). "Still a Mystery? General Grant and the Historians, 1981–2006". Journal of Military History. 71 (3): 849–74. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0230.
Russell, Henry M. W. (Spring 1990). "The memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant: The rhetoric of judgment". Virginia Quarterly Review. 66 (2): 189–209.
Simon, John Y (Spring 1982). "Grant: A Biography by William S. McFeely (book review)". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 65 (3): 220–221. JSTOR 4635640.
Simpson, Brooks D. (2000). "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant". In Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33822-0.
Skidmore,, Max J. (February 2005). "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: A Reconsideration". White House Studies. 5 (2): 255–270.
Wilson, Edmund (1962). Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War.
Weigley, Russell F. (October 2001). "Grant by Jean Edward Smith (book review)". The Journal of Military History. 65 (4): 1104–1105. JSTOR 2677657.
Wilentz, Sean (March 14, 2010). "Who's Buried in the History Books?". The New York Times.
Wilson, Edmund (1962). Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–173. for commentary
Young, John Russell (July–October 1880). "Around the World with General Grant". Quarterly Review. New York City: Leonard Scott Publishing Company. 150 (126): 126.
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