Axelrod or Akselrod is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Barry Axelrod, American sports agent
Daniel I. Axelrod, American paleoecologist, botanist, and geologist, known by author abbreviation "Axelrod"
David Axelrod, political consultant who worked on campaigns of Barack Obama and Richard M. Daley
David Axelrod (musician) (b. 1936), American classical musician
Dylan Axelrod (b. 1985), MLB baseball player
George Axelrod (1922–2003), American screenwriter, producer, playwright and film director
Herbert R. Axelrod (Dr.) (b. 1927), American author, publisher and ichthyologist
Jason David Axelrod AKA David Ha'ivri (b. 1967) Jewish-Israeli settler activist and spokesman
John Axelrod (b. 1966), American conductor
Julius Axelrod (1912–2004), American biochemist who won a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970
Lyubov Axelrod (1868–1946), Russian Marxist philosopher and revolutionary
Meer Akselrod (1902–1970), Russian painter known for paintings of Jewish life in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
Paul Axelrod (b. 1949), author and professor and dean at York University
Pavel Akselrod (1850–1928), also spelled Pavel Axelrod, Russian Menshevik revolutionary
Robert Axelrod, American professor of political science at the University of Michigan who has written about the evolution of cooperation
Robert Axelrod (actor) (b. 1949), American actor who has been in movies and TV shows, often as a voice actor
