Anna Ruling

Early life and education

Ruling was born in a middle-class family in Hamburg, German Empire. Her parents were Adolf Sprungli, a Swiss overseas businessman, and Caroline Sprungli, nee Dangers. Along with at least one sister, Ruling was raised in a "rigid atmosphere of a Hanseatic household". She attended a school for young ladies and, as deemed appropriate for a middle-class girl, received instructions in piano and music theory. She finished gymnasium in Stuttgart, where she took violin lessons from Edmund Singer, and was a schoolmate of Elly Ney. She was an accomplished violinist, but had to give this up after suffering an injury to her arm rescuing a child. Her career as a journalist began at the age of 17, when she started writing for Hamburger Fremdenblatt. Ruling moved to Berlin, where she worked for August Scherl for some time, writing newspaper articles on music and theatre, and earning some extra money from giving private music lessons.

Homosexuality and activism

Ruling's family, unaware of her homosexuality, pressured her to marry. Ruling later spoke of lesbian aversion to marital relations with men, declaring that homosexual women married to men could find "no happiness" and would "be incapable of creating happiness." Although her father stated that "nothing of the sort can happen in my family", Ruling started a relationship with a woman by 1904 and took up activism. She was eager to see an alliance between LGBT campaigners and the growing women's rights movements, calling upon the latter to point out "how very destructive it is for homosexuals to enter into marriage."

The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, the world's first LGBT advocacy group, invited Ruling to speak at its conference in Berlin on 9 October 1904. She was the only speaker prepared to address the issues faced by homosexual women. She gave the speech "What Interest does the Women's Movement have in Solving the Homosexual Problem?" She agreed with the then common view that lesbian mindset is more similar to that of men than to that of other women. Despite her attempts to unite all victims of sex-based oppression, Ruling did not succeed in influencing women's rights campaigners to work for lesbian rights. Many homosexual women at the time actively took part in the promoting women's rights, but were outraged by Ruling's insistence on treating lesbian cause as a feminist challenge:

If we weigh all the contributions which homosexual women have made to the Women's Movement, one would be astounded that its large and influential organizations have not lifted a finger to obtain justice in the state and in society for the not so small number of its [lesbian] members...

Ruling believed that homosexuals constituted a third gender, distinct from men and women. She argued that homosexual women were more reasonable than "clearly heterosexual women", and that a lesbian, "like an average normal man, was more objective, more energetic and goal-oriented than the feminine woman." This, she claimed, made homosexual women well-suited for professional occupations. What proved most controversial, however, were not her views themselves – it was her straightforward admission of her own homosexuality and evident taking pride in it. Her speech was the first political speech about lesbians. She was one of the first women to openly identify herself as homosexual, and has been called "the first lesbian activist", although the same is sometimes said about Johanna Elberskirchen.

Later career

On 27 October 1904, Ruling gave a speech to Friedrich Radszuweit's Bund fur Menschenrecht, another organisation working advocating gay rights, and was briefly a member. Two years later, she published a collection of lesbian-themed short stories. Leaving Berlin, Ruling moved to Dusseldorf, where she lived for 30 years. From 1914 until the mid-1920s, her writings were regularly published in Neue Deutsche Frauenzeitung, a right-wing paper with moderate views on women's rights.

During the First World War, Ruling proved to be an ardent patriot, nationalist and imperialist. It does not appear, however, that she ever joined the Nazi Party. She left Dusseldorf, as well as full-time journalism, in the late 1930s, moving to Ulm. There she worked as secretary, director and script-editor at the municipal theatre. A decade later, she relocated to Delmenhorst, continuing the theatre career but also resuming journalism in 1949. At the time of her sudden death on 8 May 1953, the 72-year-old Theo Anna Sprungli ("Anna Ruling") was one of the oldest female journalists in the Federal Republic of Germany.