Parents Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib Grandparents Shaybah ibn Hashim, Sumrah bint Jandab People also search for Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Naufal ibn Ḥārith, Abdul-Shams ibn Ḥārith Great-grandparents Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, Salma bint Amr | ||
Abū Sufyān ibn al-Ḥārith ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib (Arabic: أبو سفيان بن الحارث بن عبد المطلب), born al-Mughīrah (المغيرة), was a companion and first cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Contents
Early life
He was the son of Al-Harith ibn Abdulmuttalib. He was wet-nursed for a few days by Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, making him a foster-brother of Muhammad.
He married his cousin, Jumanah bint Abi Talib, and they had a son, Ja'far. He also married another cousin, Umm 'Amr bint al-Muqawwim, and they had a daughter, Atika. This may be the same daughter who later married Abu Sufyan's nephew Abdul-Muttalib (son of Rabi'ah ibn al-Harith).
Opposition to Islam
In their youth, Abu Sufyan and Muhammad were close friends; but as soon as Muhammad declared himself a prophet in 610, Abu Sufyan “treated him with enmity as no one before him." As he later explained it: "We were with a community, a people of high-mindedness. I saw the excellence of the people who lived with their discernment and opinion. They went through a mountain pass, and we followed. Then the people of nobility and age began to break away from Muhammad, and they helped their gods and defended their forefathers, and we followed them."
"He showed hatred toward the Prophet for twenty years, never remaining behind when the Quraysh set out to fight Muhammad." He fought at the Battle of Badr on the side of the polytheists. He was one of the first to arrive back in Mecca with the news of their defeat. As he told his uncle, Abu Lahab: "As soon as we met the party we turned our backs and they were killing and capturing us just as they pleased; and by God I don't blame the people for that. We met men in white on piebald horses between heaven and earth, and, by Allah, they spared nothing, and none could withstand them."
He also wrote satirical poems against Muhammad and the Muslims and insulted Hassan ibn Thabit:
Hassan asked Muhammad's permission to compose counter-insults, promising to withdraw Muhammad's own name from the hostile sentiments, and permission was given.
In January 626 Muhammad led the final expedition to Badr, an appointment for a pitched battle between the Quraysh and the Muslims. The battle did not take place because the Meccan army never arrived. Hassan ibn Thabit composed a poem about the situation:
Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith composed an answer:
After the slaying of the Qurayza tribe in 627, Hassan ibn Thabit composed a poem to the effect that they had gone to Hell. Abu Sufyan responded with a counter-poem:
In 628 an Arab merchant gave a report of Muhammad to the Emperor Heraclius. This person, who claimed to be Muhammad's "nearest kin" among the party, is usually identified as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb; but Abu Sufyan ibn Al-Harith also claimed to have been present. He said: "I did not see myself with [Heraclius], while I had fled from Islam, yet knowing only Muhammad. Thus Islam entered me, and I realised the error of polytheism."
Conversion to Islam
On the eve of the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan decided to become a Muslim. Jumanah responded: "Finally, you see that Bedouins and foreigners have followed Muhammad, while you have been his confirmed foe! You should have been the first person to assist him!" Abu Sufyan urged his slave Madhkur to hurry saddling the camels and horse to meet Muhammad's army at al-Abwa. Together with Jumanah, Ja’far and his cousin Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya, he travelled in disguise and in fear of his life, "for my blood was permitted."
When Muhammad's camel appeared, Abu Sufyan tried to make eye contact with his cousin, but Muhammad turned his face away. Abu Sufyan turned to the direction of his face, but Muhammad kept turning away. Abu Sufyan worried that he would be killed in revenge for his past hostility, although he hoped that Muhammad would be pleased about his conversion because of their original friendship. The other Muslims, including Abu Bakr, all followed Muhammad's example in turning away from Abu Sufyan, and Numan ibn Al-Harith, encouraged by Umar, followed him, taunting: "O enemy of Allah, you harm Allah’s Messenger and his companions. Your enmity to him is known all over the world!"
Abu Sufyan appealed to his uncle Abbas for intercession, but Abbas said it would be useless. He then tried Ali, his brother-in-law, with a similar result. Abu Sufyan began to follow Muhammad's camp, sitting at Muhammad's tent door wherever he stopped, but he was ignored. At Niqu'l-‘Uqab Muhammad's wife Umm Salama, who was Abdullah's sister, urged him to receive them. “All the Quraysh were saying similar things, and you have forgiven people who are more criminal than he is." Muhammad replied: "I have no use for them. As for [Abu Sufyan], he has wounded my pride; and as for [Abdullah], he spoke insultingly of me in Mecca." When Abu Sufyan heard this message, he responded: "By Allah, he must let me in, or I will take this little boy of mine and we will wander through the land until we die of hunger and thirst." This continued while Muhammad entered Mecca and became victorious. In Mecca Jumanah entered Muhammad's tent with some other visitors, and she was able to speak to him, but still he did not speak to Abu Sufyan.
Finally Abu Sufyan followed Muhammad to the Battle of Hunayn. When the enemy approached, he jumped off his horse, sword in hand, wishing (as he later said) to die for Muhammad. When many of the Muslims fled, Abbas took the rein of Muhammad's grey mule, and Abu Sufyan took the other side. Muhammad asked who his defender was, and Abu Sufyan removed his helmet. Abbas said: "It's your brother and cousin, Abu Sufyan, so regard him with favour!" Muhammad replied: "I do. May Allah forgive him all his enmity toward me!" Abu Sufyan kissed his foot in the stirrup, and Muhammad declared, "This is my brother, upon my life!" Then Muhammad instructed Abbas to call back the Muslim army, and they attacked their ambushers. He later said that for this act of loyalty, Abu Sufyan and his family were guaranteed Paradise.
Muhammad took a formal declaration of faith from both Abu Sufyan and Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya. Abu Sufyan composed a poem to explain his previous reluctance to convert.
[At this point, Muhammad punched his chest and said, "You did indeed!"]
Later life
Abu Sufyan became “the best of Muslims” and “nothing bad was said about him”. Muhammad assigned him a pension of 100 wasqs from Khaybar.
Three days before his death, Abu Sufyan dug his own grave in Al-Baqi' near the house of Aqeel ibn Abi Talib. His date of death is disputed: one source places it in February 636, another in 641. Umar presided over his funeral prayers.