40s

By place

Roman Empire

The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.

Caligula starts on a campaign to conquer Britain, which fails miserably. He declares himself victorious regardless.

Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.

Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus, a senator.

Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.

Europe

The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.

Asia

Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.

The Vietnamese Trưng Sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.

By topic

Arts and sciences

Philo teaches that all men are born free.

Religion

Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Church as the first Patriarch.

An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).

By place

Roman Empire

Consuls are the emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus.

January 24

Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.

Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.

January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the Senate.

Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.

Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.

Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire, but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.

An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.

Asia

Emperor Guangwu of the Han dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and creates his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.

By topic

Religion

The disciples of Jesus form communities after the Diaspora, especially in Damascus and Antioch. For the first time they are called Christians.

The death of Caligula saves the Jewish people from being punished for resisting orders to worship his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem.

By places

Roman Empire

Consuls are Emperor Claudius and Gaius Caecina Gargus.

Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.

The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.

The Dalmatian legate, Furius Camillus Scribonianus, revolts but his troops defect and his rebellion quickly withers.

Claudius begins construction of Portus, a harbour bearing a lighthouse on the right bank of the Tiber.

Asia

Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean Peninsula.

The Chinese General Ma Yuan represses the rebellions of the Trưng Sisters in Tonkin.

By topic

Religion

25 January – Conversion of the Apostle Paul to Christianity. The exact date is not provided in texts, but the Roman Catholic Church has chosen to commemorate this date.

By place

Britain

The Roman conquest of Britain begins. Aulus Plautius lands with four legions (20,000 men) and the same number of auxiliaries at Rutupiae (modern Richborough, on the east coast of Kent) and defeats the Britons, led by Caratacus and Togodumnus, in battles on the rivers Medway and Thames. He halts at the Thames and sends for emperor Claudius, who leads the march on Camulodunum. Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight. Meanwhile, the future emperor Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west. The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street.

The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent, and rename it Durovernum Cantiacorum (modern Canterbury). They establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the River Stour.

Roman London (Londinium) is established.

Roman Empire

Consuls are the emperor Claudius (his second consulship as emperor, third in total) and Lucius Vitellius.

Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.

The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean.

Asia

Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns.

The warrior Trung Sisters commit suicide after their resistance is defeated at Nam Viet in Vietnam.

Vietnam is designated a province of China.

Vardanes I of Parthia forces the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to surrender.

By topic

Religion

In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Mark the Evangelist becomes the first Pope of Alexandria, thus establishing the Christian Church in Africa.

Arts and sciences

Pomponius Mela, Roman geographer, writes De situ orbis libri (probable date).

By place

Roman Empire

Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and Titus Statilius Taurus become Roman consuls.

The emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.

Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the British Celtic tribe the Iceni.

Mauretania becomes a Roman province.

The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire.

Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.

Cuspius Fadus, governor of Judea (44–46), suppress the revolt of Theudas who is decapitated.

By topic

Arts and sciences

Pomponius Mela writes De situ orbis, a geography of the Earth.

By place

Roman Empire

Marcus Vinicius and Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus become Roman consuls.

Galba becomes the commander of Legio III Augusta.

Salzburg (Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman municipium.

The emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.

Emperor Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.

The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.

The wealthy freedman C. Lusius Storax dies.

Asia

Expedition of Chinese general Ma Yuan against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria).

By topic

Religion

Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme.

By place

Roman Empire

Consuls are Decimus Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus.

The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights and is named municipium Claudia Celeia.

Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.

A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens.

After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.

Rome and its northeast border are reunited by the Danube Road.

Asia

A drought and an invasion of locusts hit the Mongolian steppes, causing a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu.

By place

Roman Empire

Consuls are the emperor Claudius and Lucius Vitellius. Claudius revives the censorship and ludi saeculares and organises the order of the Haruspices with sixty members.

Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.

Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.

Publius Ostorius Scapula becomes governor of Britain, in place of Aulus Plautius. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.

Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).

Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.

Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium (modern Martigny) in the Alpes Poeninae (Switzerland).

Musselburgh is founded in Roman Britain (Scotland).

Pliny the Elder sees military service in Germany.

By topic

Religion

Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.

Paul starts his evangelistic work.

By place

Roman Empire

Consuls are Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola.

The emperor Claudius invests Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem.

After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger.

Vitellius is a Roman Consul.

Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.

Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.

Asia

The Hsiung-nu empire dissolves.

The emperor of China, Guang Wudi (Kouang Wou-Ti), restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia. The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire.

By topic

Religion

Probable date of the Apostolic Council. Paul of Tarsus begins his first mission (approximate date, see AD 47).

According to Christian legend, Martha travels to Avignon.

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger (approximate date).

Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.

Melankomas is the boxing champion at the 207th Olympic Games.

Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.

Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.

Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate and sentenced to death.

In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a municipium the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.

By topic

Religion

New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.

Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the Acts of the Apostles).

Significant people

Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula (AD 37–41).

Claudius, Roman Emperor (AD 41–54).

Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist

Births

AD 40

Contents

• By place
• By topic
• By places
• Significant people
• Births
• Deaths
• References

June 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britain (d. AD 93)

Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician (approximate date) (d. AD 90)

Frontinus, Roman general and military author (approximate date) (d. 103)

Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (approximate date) d. c. 120)

Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. AD 62)

Empress Ma of the Han dynasty (d. AD 79)

AD 41

February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius (d. AD 55)

AD 42

Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)

Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)

AD 43

Martial, Roman poet (d. 102/104)

AD 44

Fictional Jacob (Lost) and fictional Man in Black (Lost) were born on an island in the South Pacific Ocean.

AD 45

Statius, Latin poet (approximate date) (d. c. AD 96)

Plutarch, Greek historian/biographer (approximate date) (d. 120)

AD 46

Plutarch, Greek historian (approximate date) (d. c. 120)

AD 48

Ts'ai Lun, Chinese researcher and inventor of paper (d. 121)

Ulpia Marciana, sister of emperor Trajan (d. 112)

Deaths

AD 40

January – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the Younger, brother-in-law of Caligula (dropsy) (b. 17 BC)

Ptolemy of Mauretania (executed by Caligula) (b. 1 BC)

AD 41

January 24 – Caligula, Roman emperor (assassinated) (b. 12 AD)

Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula (assassinated) (b. 39 AD)

End of the year – Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus, niece of Claudius (starved to death in her exile) (b. 18 AD)

Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula (assassinated) (b. 6 AD)

AD 42

Arria

Gaius Appius Junius Silanus

AD 43

Togodumnus, King of the Catuvellauni

Julia, daughter of Drusus the Younger, granddaughter of Tiberius, niece of Claudius, executed (or perhaps forced to commit suicide) at the instigation of Messalina (b. AD 5)

AD 44

James the Great, the son of Zebedee, martyrdom

Herod Agrippa of Judea (b. 10 BC)

Claudia Julia, executed niece of Claudius and Messalina (AD 43–45)

Wu Han, general of Han Dynasty

AD 45

Claudia Julia, executed niece of Claudius and Messalina (or AD 43 or 44)

AD 46

Roimitalkes III of the Thracian Kingdom of Sapes (murdered)

AD 47

Vardanes I of Parthia

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (husband of Claudia Antonia)

AD 48

Valeria Messalina, third wife of emperor Claudius (b. AD 17/20)

AD 49

Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty (b. 14 BC)