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The 1870s continued the trends of the previous decade, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War. Germany unified in 1871 and began its Second Reich. Labor unions and strikes occurred worldwide in the later part of the decade, and continued until World War I. The Reconstruction era of the United States brought a legacy of bitterness and segregation that lasted until the 1960s.
Colonization, decolonization and independence
The British Empire continued to grow; this decade marked the beginning of the New Imperialism.
Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire.
The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains.
Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand.
The German Empire and Alliance System emerged.
Racial and economic politics in America's Reconstruction were bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent.
The Gilded Age began in 1874, lasting until 1896.
Science and Technology
The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
The first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879 .
The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
The steam drill is invented in 1879.
Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy.
1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna, 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris.
Atlas bear became extinct.
Literature and arts
Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days
Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before. Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. The group soon became known as the Impressionists.
Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being in recorded history. She lived until 1997, at the age of 122. She still holds the record as of 2016.
Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking-Glass.
Henrik Ibsen releases A Doll's House in 1879
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
Tongzhi Emperor (China)
Guangxu Emperor (China)
Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil (Brazilian Empire)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
King Alfonso XII (Spain)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Eugène Borel, Director Universal Postal Union
Gustave Moynier, President International Committee of the Red Cross
1870s Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA
