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January – Dunstable Priory falls prey to Henry VIII of England's Dissolution of the Monasteries.
January 6 – King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort.
February 14 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, enters Ghent without resistance and executes rebels.
March – Waltham Abbey is the final priory to fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
May 17 - Sher Shah Suri defeats and deposes Mughal Emperor Humayan at the Battle of Kannauj, establishing the Sur Empire.
July 7 – Coronado captures Hawikuh, at this time known as part of Cíbola, but fails to find the legendary gold.
July 9 – King Henry VIII of England divorces Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort.
July 28 – One of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England, Thomas Cromwell, is executed on order from the king on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
Early September – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of the leading citizens taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.
September 3 – Gelawdewos succeeds his father Lebna Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia.
September 27 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Paul III, in his bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae.
October 1 – Battle of Alborán: A Habsburg Spanish fleet under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza destroys an Ottoman fleet commanded by Ali Hamet off Alborán Island in the Mediterranean.
October 18 – An expedition led by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto destroys the fortified village of Mabila in modern-day Alabama, killing paramount chief Tuskaloosa.
Antwerp is besieged for three days by Maarten van Rossum.
Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and the first printed publication of Copernican heliocentrism.
Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about 7 months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses caused by lack of safe drinking water. However, this year's vintage from Würzburger Stein and other vineyards is particularly notable.
Martin Luther expels the theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia.
Paracelsus visits Villach.
approximate date – The musket is introduced into Japan from Europe.
February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago del Nuevo Extremo which will become the capital of Chile.
April 7 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
April 24 – Battle of Sahart: The Emperor of Ethiopia defeats an attack by the forces of Imam Ahmad Gragn.
May 8 – Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, naming it the Rio de Espiritu Santo ("River of the Holy Spirit").
May 23 – Jacques Cartier departs from Saint-Malo, France on his third voyage.
June 18 – By the Crown of Ireland Act, the Parliament of Ireland declares King Henry VIII of England and his heirs to be Kings of Ireland, replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
July 9 – Estêvão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlock men and 150 slaves under his brother Cristóvão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia to defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who has invaded his Empire.
August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as visitors.
September 9–11 – Spanish noblewoman Beatriz de la Cueva serves as governor of the colony of Guatemala before she is killed in a mudslide from Volcán de Agua which ruins the capital city, Ciudad Vieja.
October – An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful.
The Portuguese defeat the Muslims near Lake Tana.
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
Iceland adopts the Lutheran faith.
Gerardus Mercator makes his first globe.
The first official translation of the entire Bible into Swedish is made.
John Calvin translates his Institutio Christianae religionis into French as L'Institution chrétienne.
Elia Levita's chivalric romance, the Bovo-Bukh, is first printed, the earliest published secular work in Yiddish.
February 2 – Battle of Baçente: The Portuguese under Cristóvão da Gama capture a Moslem-occupied hillfort in northern Ethiopia.
February 13 – Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
February 14 – Guadalajara, Mexico, is founded by the Spaniards after 3 previous attempts failed, due to aggressive opposition from local tribes.
March 8 – Antoine Escalin des Eymars, the French ambassador, returns from Constantinople with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
April 4–16 – Battle of Jarte in Ethiopia: The Portuguese under Cristóvão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn and inflict upon him two successive defeats.
May 19 – The Prome Kingdom, in modern-day central Burma, is conquered by the Taungoo Dynasty.
July 12 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor declares war on King Francis I of France. This time King Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French.
August – Battle of the Hill of the Jews: During the rainy season, Cristóvão da Gama captures a strategic position and many badly-needed horses.
August 24 – Battle of Haddon Rig: Scotland defeats England.
August 27 – Citizens of Hildesheim in the Holy Roman Empire profess themselves to the Lutheran teachings. As a pledge owner, the city provides for the carrying out of the Protestant Reformation in the city and Peine. Priests from the localities of Clauen, Hohenhameln, Soßmar, Schmedenstedt, Lengede and Rosenthal resume their offices in the interest of the Reformation.
August 28 – Battle of Wofla in Ethiopia: Reinforced with at least 600 arquebusiers and cavalry, Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp. The Portuguese are scattered; Cristóvão da Gama is captured and executed.
September 4 – Earliest recorded Preston Guild Court in Lancashire, England, in the modern sequence, which lasts unbroken until 1922.
September 28 – Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo lands in what is now San Diego Bay and names it "San Miguel"; it will later become the city of San Diego.
October 7 – Cabrillo becomes the first European to set foot on Santa Catalina Island, California.
November 24 – Battle of Solway Moss: An English army invades Scotland and defeats a Scottish army.
December 14 – Mary, Queen of Scots, becomes queen regnant at the age of only one week on the death of her father, James V of Scotland.
The first contact of Japan with the West occurs when a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, lands Fernão Mendes Pinto, Diogo Zeimoto and Cristovão Borralho in Japan.
Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition.
Bartolomé de las Casas completes A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, which would be published in 1552.
February 11 – King Henry VIII of England allies with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, against France.
February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga: A joint Ethiopian-Portuguese force of 8,500 under Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia defeats Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's army of over 14,000, ending the Ethiopian–Adal war.
March
King Gustav Vasa's troops crush the forces of Swedish peasant rebel Nils Dacke in battle, ending the uprising. Dacke escapes but is captured and killed in the summer.
Consolidating Act of Welsh Union: The Parliament of England establishes counties and regularises parliamentary representation in Wales.
April – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor, revives the Little War in Hungary.
May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in Nuremberg, offering mathematical arguments for the existence of the heliocentric universe, denying the geocentric model. Copernicus dies on May 24 in Frombork at the age of 70.
June – Andreas Vesalius publishes De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body), revolutionising the science of human anatomy.
July 1 – Treaty of Greenwich between England and Scotland (repudiated by Scotland December 11).
July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth and last of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding. This month, the Parliament of England passes the Third Succession Act restoring the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, Henry's daughters, to the line of succession to the English throne.
July 25–August 10 – Siege of Esztergom: Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Emperor, besieges and takes Esztergom in Hungary from the Holy Roman Empire.
August 6–22 – Siege of Nice: Ottoman Empire and French forces (under the Franco-Ottoman alliance) led by Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa besiege and take Nice.
August 25 – The first Europeans and firearms arrive in Japan
September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.
September – Campaign of Suleiman: Suleiman the Magnificent captures the Hungarian coronation city of Székesfehérvár. The city will be occupied by the Ottoman Empire for 145 years.
Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.
Mikael Agricola publishes Abckiria.
Lighthouse of Genoa completed in present form.
Indians in the Spanish Empire are declared free against the wish of local settlers.
January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to king Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden. Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.
April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin.
May – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, again invades eastern France.
May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.
June 19–August 18 – Troops of the Holy Roman Empire besiege Saint-Dizier in eastern France.
July – Battle of the Shirts: The Clan Fraser of Lovat and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight Macdonalds survive.
July 19–September 14 – First Siege of Boulogne: King Henry VIII of England besieges and captures Boulogne in northern France during the Italian War of 1542–46.
September 18 – Peace of Crépy: Peace is declared between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. The war between France and England continues.
September 22 – Captain Juan Bautista Pastene leads the first European expedition to the estuary of Valdivia, Chile and Corral Bay.
October 9 – Second Siege of Boulogne: French forces under the Dauphin assault Boulogne, but are ultimately unsuccessful.
Mongols burn the suburbs of Peking in China.
The University of Königsberg is founded.
Orto botanico di Pisa botanical garden established by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in Italy under the direction of botanist Luca Ghini, who also creates the first herbarium.
Rats make their first appearance in North America.
Portuguese explorers encounter the island of Taiwan and call it Ilha Formosa ("Beautiful Island").
February 27 – Battle of Ancrum Moor: The Scots are victorious over numerically superior English forces.
June 13 – Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez sets out to navigate the northern coast of New Guinea.
July 18–19 – Battle of the Solent between English and French fleets. The engagement is inconclusive but on July 19 Henry VIII of England's flagship, the Mary Rose, sinks.
c. July 21 – Battle of Bonchurch: The English reverse an attempted French invasion of the Isle of Wight off the coast of England as part of the Italian Wars.
c. September – Mobye Narapati succeeds as ruler of the Ava Kingdom and offers peace to the Taungoo dynasty, ending the Taungoo–Ava War (1538–45) and leaving the Taungoo as the dominant rulers in Burma.
October – Siege of Kawagoe Castle begins as part of an unsuccessful attempt by the Uesugi clan to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan.
December 13 – The Council of Trent officially opens in northern Italy (closes 1563).
Battle of Sokhoista: The army of the Ottoman Empire defeats an alliance of Georgian dynasts.
In China a large failure of the harvest in Henan province occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat and forces many to flee their rural counties; those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.
Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi overthrows his uncle Pedro Nkanga a Mvemba to become manikongo.
Silver is discovered at Potosí, Bolivia.
St. Anne's Church, Augsburg converts to Lutheranism.
May 19 – Siege of Kawagoe Castle ends in a battle with a defeat for the Uesugi clan in their attempt to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan.
June 7 – Treaty of Ardres (also known as the Treaty of Camp) is signed, resulting in peace between the kingdoms of England and France, ending the Italian War of 1542–1546.
July 10 – The Schmalkaldic War, a political struggle between imperial forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran forces of the Schmalkaldic League, begins.
December – Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIII of England.
Christ Church, Oxford, refounded by Henry VIII of England under this name.
Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg.
Michelangelo is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is completed.
Potosí, in modern day Bolivia, is founded by the Spanish as a mining town. The silver mined from Huayna Potosí mountain in Potosí provides most of the wealth on which the Spanish Empire is based until its fall in the early 19th century.
January 8 – the first Lithuanian-language book, Simple Words of Catechism is published in Königsberg.
January 16 – Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia, replacing the 264-year-old Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia.
January 28 – Edward VI succeeds his father Henry VIII as King of England.
February 20 – Edward VI of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
March 31 – Henry II succeeds his father Francis I as King of France.
April 4 – Catherine Parr, widow of King Henry VIII of England, secretly marries Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley.
April 24 – Battle of Mühlberg: Emperor Charles V defeats the Lutheran forces of the Schmalkaldic League.
August 13 – The Duchy of Brittany unites with the Kingdom of France.
September 10 – Battle of Pinkie Cleugh: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent. The English seize Edinburgh.
The first book in the Lithuanian language is printed (The Simple Words of Catechism by Martynas Mažvydas).
Huguenots increasingly immigrate to the English county of Kent, especially Canterbury.
The Chambre Ardente is established in Paris for trying heretics.
Work on construction of the Château de Chambord in the Loire Valley for Francis I of France ceases.
John Dee visits the Low Countries to study navigation with Gemma Frisius.
Edward VI of England outlaws execution by boiling.
February 14 – Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo during the Battle of Uedahara.
April 1 – Sigismund II Augustus succeeds his father, Sigismund I the Old, as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
June – Ming Chinese naval forces commanded by Zhu Wan destroy the pirate haven of Shuangyu frequented by Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese smugglers.
July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby 5-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.
August 7 – Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France.
October 20 – The city of La Paz, Bolivia, is founded.
October 31 – At the first sejm of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, deputies demand that the king renounce his wife Barbara Radziwiłł.
December – Siam attacks Tavoy beginning the Burmese–Siamese War 1548.
John Dee starts to study at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
January – Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49): King Tabinshwehti of Burma begins his invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. This ends in retreat.
February 3 – Burmese–Siamese War: Burmese viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza I of Prome slays Sri Suriyothai, queen consort of the Ayutthaya Kingdom on her war elephant when she intervenes in battle to protect the life of her husband.
March 29 – The city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil's first capital, is founded.
June 9 – Book of Common Prayer introduced in English churches; Prayer Book Rebellion against it breaks out in the West Country.
July – Kett's Rebellion in East Anglia, against land enclosures; rebellion in Oxfordshire against landowners associated with religious changes.
July 27 – Francis Xavier arrives in Japan.
August 8–9 – England and France declare war.
August 17 – Battle of Sampford Courtenay in England: Prayer Book Rebellion quashed.
August 26 – Battle of Dussindale in England: Kett's Rebellion quashed.
September 17 – Council of Trent prorogued indefinitely.
November 4 – The Pragmatic Sanction is proclaimed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces are declared inseparable.
November 29 – The lengthy and large Papal conclave, 1549–50 goes into session in the Apostolic Palace in Rome to decide a successor to Pope Paul III.
Peter Canisius starts the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria.
The spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England is blown down leaving St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, in Estonia as the World's tallest structure.
Although trade existed between the two beforehand, in this year the Portuguese begins to send regular seasonal maritime trade missions to Ming Dynasty China at Sao João Island (also known as Shangchuan Island) near Macau.
Excerpta antiqua is published by Hervagius at Basel in Switzerland.
1540s Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA
