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March 25 – First of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is launched, leading to the fall of Öljei Temür Khan.
March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.
July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (Žalgiris), also known as Battle of Tannenberg: Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.
Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.
Antipope John XXIII is elected.
Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.
The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) is built by Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.
February 1 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed at Thorn in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, ending the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
July 6 – Ming dynasty Admiral Zheng He returns to Nanjing after his second voyage and presents the Sinhalese king, captured during the Ming–Kotte War, to the Yongle Emperor.
July 24 – The Battle of Harlaw is fought in Scotland between Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar.
September 21 – King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.
November 30 – Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government.
The University of St Andrews is founded by a papal bull.
Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug in order to regulate water levels instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.
Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.
January 16 – The Medici family are made official bankers of the Papacy.
January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.
October 5 – Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.
October 28 – Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) upon the death of Queen Margaret.
December – Battle of Chalagan - Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.
John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denies them administrative positions.
Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing.
The Black Death sweeps England for a final time in a 60-year period.
March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England.
August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull.
October 2 – Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło
The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.
Yishiha builds a Buddhist temple at Tyr, Russia, and puts up a stele describing his expedition to the lower Amur
End of Ottoman interregnum (after 1402). Mehmet I is the new sultan.
January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
May 28 – Khizr Khan (Timur's governor of Multan) takes the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid dynasty.
August 6 – Joanna II succeeds her brother Ladislaus as Queen of Naples.
November 16 – The Council of Constance begins.
Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.
The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa of the Gelug school of Buddhism declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham in England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.
April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg.
June 5 – The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.
July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.
July 6 – Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.
July 31 – Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed before invading France.
August 14 – Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire and European expansion and colonialism.
October 25 – Battle of Agincourt: Archers of Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a massed army of French knights.
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese and held until further notice.
The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.
The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use; restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north towards his new capital at Beijing. With this action, the food supply crisis is solved by the end of the year.
The Orthodox Church in the lands of the tsardom of Muskovy (actual Russia) separates from the one in Ukraine and Belarus, both claiming to be the true Kiev patriarchate.
January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.
The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
Ottoman–Venetian maritime treaty (1416)
July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
November 11 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415) as the 206th pope.
The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.
The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.
April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.
May 19 – Paris is captured by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy.
July – The English Siege of Rouen begins.
João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.
January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.
June 20 – The Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea begins.
July 30 – The first Defenestration of Prague occurs in Bohemia.
September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.
Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira islands.
The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.
The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the Yongle Emperor of China. One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon became widely known throughout Iranian and Turkic Middle East thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
1410s Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA
