Ą (minuscule: ą) is a letter in the Polish, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Creek, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Osage, Hocąk, Mescalero, Gwich'in, Tutchone, and Elfdalian alphabets. It is formed from the letter a and an ogonek and usually – except for modern Polish – denotes a nasal a sound.
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Polish
In Polish and Kashubian ą is right after a in the alphabet but it never appears at the beginning of a word. Originally ą was a nasal a but in modern times the pronunciation of this vowel has shifted to a nasal o sound. It is most commonly pronounced as /ɔw̃/, /ɔn/, /ɔm/.
Unlike French but rather like Portuguese ão, nasal vowels in Polish are asynchronous, meaning that they are pronounced as an oral vowel + a nasal semivowel [ɔw̃], or a nasal vowel + a nasal semivowel. For the sake of simplicity, it is sometimes represented as /ɔ̃/.
Some examples,
Before all stops and affricates, it is pronounced as an oral vowel + nasal consonant, with /ɔn/ appearing before most consonants, while /ɔm/ appears before p or b. For example,
Loss of all nasal quality is rare with ą, occurring only before Ł, thus, zajął [ˈzajɔw].
In dialects of some regions, ą in final position is also pronounced as /ɔm/, thus, robią is occasionally pronounced as [ˈrɔbjɔm].
History
Polish ą evolved from long nasal a of medieval Polish, which developed into a short nasal o in the modern language. This medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic.
Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech-style orthography of the Latin alphabet for writing Polish at the turn of the 16th century. At that time, in Poland-Lithuania still Latin dominated in writing in the polity's Kingdom of Poland, while the Cyrillic-based vernacular of Ruthenian had been in official use in the monarchy's Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 13th century. In pronunciation, the Church Cyrillic letter big yus (Ѫ ѫ) corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish ą. However, it is little yus (Ѧ ѧ) (phonetically similar to ę) that is strikingly similar to the Latin alphabet initial letter (A, a) plus the ogonek. Some believe that this letter gave the beginning to the diacritic of ogonek, resulting in the letter ą for denoting the nasal o, though logically it should be rather ǫ than ą. When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels, it was appened to e, thus resulting in ę for nasal e.
Alternations
ą often alternates with ę, for example:
However, in words derived from rząd (government), the vowel does not change. Thus, government in nominative: rząd → rozporządzenie rządu (government's ordinance, in genitive case)
Audio examples
Lithuanian
In modern Lithuanian language ą is no longer nasal anymore and is pronounced as a long a. It is the second letter of Lithuanian alphabet called "a nosinė" - "nasal a".
This letter is most often found at the end of the noun, to construct an ending of accusative case as in aslą [a:sla:] - accusative of asla (ground, floor) - where both a and ą in aslą are pronounced equally as two long "a" sounds. Thus ą is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the nominative cases of the noun asla.
Ą is also used when converting present tense verbs into participles (matąs - somebody who is seeing (lit. matyti) right now.
Nasal an/am forms have transitioned to pronouncing [a:] as in sąrašas (list) ~ san-grąža (turnover, return).
In some cases ą, ę and į (never ė) may be used in different forms interchangeably, as in tąsa (extension) - tęsia (extends) - tįsoti (to lie extended). Finally some verbs have it in the middle of the word, only in the present tense (bąla - is getting white, but not pabalo (has become white).
Ą can also be found at the beginning of several words (ąsotis [a:so:tis] (jug)).
The Americas
In some indigenous languages of the Americas, ą denotes a nasal a sound.
Elfdalian
The Elfdalian alphabet contains the letters that occur in the Swedish alphabet, as well as various letters with ogonek to denote nasality. Ą or ą denote a nasal a sound.