Yajima (written: 矢島, 矢嶋 or 谷島) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Akiko Yajima (矢島 晶子, born 1967), Japanese voice actress
Yajima Kajiko (矢嶋 楫子, 1833–1925), Japanese educator
Maimi Yajima (矢島 舞美, born 1992), Japanese singer and idol
Midori Yajima (谷島 緑, born 1979), Japanese sport shooter
Shinya Yajima (矢島 慎也, born 1994), Japanese footballer
Shuzo Yajima (矢島 秀三, 1946–2006), Japanese water polo player
Takuro Yajima (矢島 卓郎, born 1984), Japanese footballer
Teruo Yajima (矢島 輝夫, 1939–1999), Japanese writer