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Turkish civil code (Turkish: Türk Medeni Kanunu) is one of the earliest laws in the history of Turkey within the scope of Turkish reforms.
Contents
Background
During the Ottoman Empire, the legal system of Turkey was Sharia like other Muslim countries. A committee headed by Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in 1877 compiled the rules of Sharia. Although this was an improvement, it still lacked modern concepts. Besides two different legal systems were adopted; one for the Muslim and the other for the non Muslim subjects of the empire. After the proclamation of Turkish Republic on 29 October 1923, Turkey began to adopt modern laws.
Preparation
The Turkish parliament formed a committee to compare the civil codes of European countries. Austrian, German, French and Swiss civil codes were examined Finally on 25 December 1925 the commission decided on the Swiss civil code as a model for the Turkish civil code. The Turkish Civil Code was enacted on 17 February 1926. The preamble to the Code was written by Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, the minister of justice in the 4th government of Turkey.
Women's rights
Although the Code covered many areas of modern living, the most important articles dealt with women’s rights. For the first time women and men were acknowledged to be equal. Under the prior legal system, both the women’s share in the inheritance and the weight of women’s testimony in the courts was half of that of the men. Under the Code, men and women were made equal with regard to inheritance and and testimony.
Also legal marriage was made compulsory, and polygamy was banned. The women were given the right to choose any profession. Nevertheless, women’s suffrage was still missing.
Aftermath
The civil code was the first step. On 3 April 1930 Turkish women gained suffrage in local elections and on 5 December 1934 full suffrage.