Trueba is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antonio de Trueba (1819–1889), Spanish poet, novelist, and folklorist
Andrés Martínez Trueba (1884–1959), Uruguayan politician
Vicente Trueba (1905–1986), Spanish cyclist
Fernando Trueba (born 1955), Spanish screenwriter, film director and producer
David Trueba (born 1969), Spanish writer, film director and screenwriter