Trans-activating domain (TAD) is a transcription factor scaffold domain which contains binding sites for other proteins such as transcription coregulators. These binding sites are frequently referred to as activation functions (AFs). TADs are named after their amino acid composition. These amino acids are either essential for the activity or simply the most abundant in the TAD. Transactivation by the Gal4 transcription factor is mediated by acidic amino acids, whereas hydrophobic residues in Gcn4 play a similar role. Hence, the TADs in Gal4 and Gcn4 are referred to as acidic or hydrophobic activation domains, respectively. Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain (9aaTAD) defines a novel domain common to a large superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors represented by Gal4, Oaf1, Leu3, Rtg3, Pho4, Gln3, Gcn4 in yeast and by p53, NFAT, NF-κB and VP16 in mammals.
9aaTAD transcription factors p53, VP16, MLL, E2A, HSF1, NF-IL6, NFAT1 and NF-κB interact directly with the general coactivators TAF9 and CBP/p300. p53 9aaTADs interact with TAF9, GCN5 and with multiple domains of CBP/p300 (KIX, TAZ1,TAZ2 and IBiD).
The KIX domain of general coactivators Med15(Gal11) interacts with 9aaTAD transcription factors Gal4, Pdr1, Oaf1, Gcn4, VP16, Pho4, Msn2, Ino2 and P201. Interactions of Gal4, Pdr1 and Gcn4 with Taf9 have been observed. 9aaTAD is a common transactivation domain which recruits multiple general coactivators TAF9, MED15, CBP/p300 and GCN5.
In general we can distinguish four classes of TADs:
- acidic domains (called also “acid blobs” or “negative noodles", rich in D and E amino acids, present in Gal4, Gcn4 and VP16)
- glutamine-rich domains (contains multiple repetitions like "QQQXXXQQQ", present in SP1)
- proline-rich domains (contains repetitions like "PPPXXXPPP" present in c-jun, AP2 and Oct-2)
- isoleucine-rich domains (repetitions "IIXXII", present in NTF-1)