touch is a standard Unix command-line interface program which is used to update the access date and / or modification date of a file or directory. In its default usage, it is the equivalent of creating or opening a file and saving it without any change to the file contents. Touch eliminates the unnecessary steps of opening the file, saving the file, and closing the file again. Instead it simply updates the dates associated with the file or directory. An updated access or modification date can be important for a variety of other programs such as backup utilities or the make command-line interface programming utility. Typically these types of programs are only concerned with files which have been created or modified after the program was last run. Touch can also be useful for quickly creating files for programs or scripts that require a file with a specific name to exist for successful operation of the program, but do not require the file to have any specific content.
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History
A touch utility appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. The version of touch bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, and David MacKenzie.
Specification
The Single Unix Specification (SUS) specifies that touch should change the access times, modification times, or both, for a file. The file is identified by a pathname supplied as a single argument. It also specifies that if the file identified does not exist, the file is created and the access and modification times are set as specified. If no new timestamps are specified, touch uses the current time.
Usage
The SUS mandates the following options:
-a, change the access time only -c, if the file does not exist, do not create it and do not report this condition -d date_time, use the date_time specified to update the access and modification times -m, change the modification time only -r file, use the access and modification times of file -t time, use the time specified (in the format below) to update the access and modification timesThe time is specified in the format [[cc]yy]MMDDhhmm[.ss] where MM specifies the two-digit numeric month, DD specifies the two-digit numeric day, hh specifies the two-digit numeric hour, mm specifies the two-digit numeric minutes. Optionally ss specifies the two-digit seconds, cc specifies the first two digits of the year, and yy specifies the last two digits of the year.
Note that if invoked without these options, the standard specifies that the current date and time are used to change the access and modification times. This behaviour simulates an update to a file without having to change it, which may be desirable in certain situations (see the example below).
Other Unix and Unix-like operating systems may add extra options. For example, GNU touch adds a -d option, which enables time input in formats other than that specified.
Note that the dates of creation of symbolic links are not changed .
Examples
The simplest use case for touch is this:
Touch doesn't modify the contents of myfile.txt; it just updates the timestamp of the file to the computer's current date and time, whatever that happens to be. Or, if myfile.txt does not exist it is created, with zero length.
Here's an example that shows why we might want to do this. We wish to re-make a software project we are writing. We have changed the makefile and need to run make again. However, if we run make immediately we find that
Since the source code file is already updated, we will need to use touch to simulate a file update, so make will run and recompile the software.
Then make will rebuild the project.
Here's how to change the date and time of a file.
The above example touch commands are equivalent: they will change the date and time of index.html to January 31, 2007 at 8:46:26am.
The creation date of links are unchanged. For example, on the following system, the date is the 20th Feb 2012, but a link was created on 25th Jan 2012. Despite touching the link, the date remains as 25th Jan 2012 – it has not changed to the 20th Feb 2012.
Although commands like cp, chmod etc. have a recursive switch (-r or -R or both) to apply the command recursively to the subdirectories, touch doesn't have this functionality yet (as of February, 2013). It can be accomplished by the following:
Other operating systems
Programs that perform similar operations as the Unix touch utility are available for other operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and the classic Mac OS.