Tawa (dinosaur)

DescriptionEdit

Tawa was estimated to have been 2 m (6.5 ft) long, almost 75 cm at the hips. Other estimates suggest that Tawa weighed 30 kilograms (66 pounds) at most. The holotype, a juvenile individual, cataloged GR 241, consists of a mostly complete but disarticulated skull, forelimbs, the pectoral girdle, a partial vertebral column, hindlimbs, the pelvic girdle, ribs, and gastralia. The determination was made that this specimen is a juvenile based on the presence of an open braincase and unfused neurocentral sutures. An isolated femur, GR 244, suggests that adults were at least 30% larger than the juvenile holotype. Tawa preserves characters that can be associated with different dinosaur taxa. Its skull morphology resembles that of coelophysoids and the illium approximates that of a herrerasaurid. Like the coelophysoids, Tawa has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. With respect to limb proportion, the femur is very long compared to the tibia. A neck vertebrae adaptation in Tawa supports the hypothesis that cervical air sacs predate the origin of the taxon Neotheropoda and may be ancestral for Saurischians, and also links the dinosaurs with the evolution of birds. Compared to earlier dinosaurs like Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor, Tawa had a relatively slender build.

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Nesbitt et al. (2009) Tawa can be distinguished based on the following features: the prootic bones meet on the ventral midline of the endocranial cavity, the anterior tympanic recess is greatly enlarged on the anterior surface of the basioccipital and extends onto the prootic and the parabasisphenoid, a deep recess is present on posterodorsal base of the paroccipital process, a sharp ridge extending dorsoventrally on the middle of the posterior face of the basal tuber, an incomplete ligamental sulcus is present on the posterior side of the femoral head, a semicircular muscle scar/excavation is present on the posterior face of femoral head, a small semicircular excavation on posterior margin of medial posterior condyle of proximal tibia, a "step" is present on the ventral surface of the astragalus, metatarsal I is similar in length to the other metatarsals.

DiscoveryEdit

Fossils now attributed to Tawa were first discovered in 2004. Fossils of at least seven other individuals were also discovered at the site. One of these specimens, cataloged GR 242, is also nearly complete. All of these specimens are from the Hayden Quarry and date to between 215 and 213 million years old. Tawa was formally described in 2009 by a group of six American researchers led by Sterling J. Nesbitt of the American Museum of Natural History. At the time of publication in the journal Science, Nesbitt was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Texas at Austin's Jackson School of Geosciences.

The following were assigned as paratypes: a nearly complete skeleton (GR 242); femora, pelvis and tail (GR 155); and cervical vertebrae (GR 243).

Based on the study of the overlapping material of Dromomeron and Tawa, Christopher Bennett proposed that the two taxa were conspecific, forming a single growth series of Dromomeron.

ClassificationEdit

The type species is Tawa hallae, which was described in 2009 by Nesbitt et al., and considered more basal than Coelophysis, an early theropod from the Late Triassic. In 2009, Mortimer cautioned that the analysis by Nesbitt et al. was limited because it failed to consider all the characters of the relevant dinosaurs treated by the old analysis (e.g. Guaibasaurus, Panphagia, "Dilophosaurus" sinensis, Dracovenator, Lophostropheus, etc.) Tawa was however found to be more advanced than the earliest theropod dinosaurs, Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus, and Staurikosaurus.

Sues et al. (2011) considered Tawa a derived early theropod. A cladistic analysis of Tawa and other early theropods indicate that the Coelophysoidea, a group of early dinosaurs, may be an artificial grouping because Tawa combines classic coelophysoid features with features which appear to be ancestral to the neotheropods. Tawa is believed to be the sister taxon of Neotheropoda, a group of carnivorous dinosaurs which bore only three functional digits on their feet(with exceptions being birds and theozinosauria). In 2011, Martinez and colleagues concluded that Tawa was the basalmost coelophysoid, while a second 2011 analysis by paleontologists Martin D. Ezcurra and Stephen L. Brusatte, as well as a follow-up analysis modified with additional data by You Hai-Lu and colleagues in 2014, found Tawa to be a primitive theropod. This position for Tawa was also recovered in the large analysis of early dinosaurs by Baron, Norman and Barrett (2017) in the journal Nature.

PaleoecologyEdit

In 2004, a partial skeleton of Tawa was excavated, and in 2006 two nearly complete skeletons of Tawa and parts of six others were found close together in the Hayden Quarry at Ghost Ranch in the lower portion of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation in New Mexico. Tawa was discovered in gray/green siltstone from strata dating from the Norian stage of the Triassic period, approximately 215-213 million years ago. The discovery of Tawa alongside the relatives of Coelophysis and Herrerasaurus supports the hypothesis that the earliest dinosaurs arose in Gondwana during the Late Triassic period in what is now South America, and radiated around the globe from there.

Ghost Ranch was located close to the equator 200 million years ago, and had a warm, monsoon-like climate with heavy seasonal precipitation. Hayden Quarry, an excavation site at Ghost Ranch, has yielded a diverse collection of fossil material that included the first evidence of dinosaurs and less-advanced dinosauromorphs from the same time period. The discovery indicates that the two groups lived together during the early Triassic period 235 million years ago. Tawa's paleoenvironment included archosaurs, crocodylomorphs, rauisuchians, phytosaurs, ornithodirans including Silesaurus, and the dinosaurs Dromomeron, Chindesaurus, Eucoelophysis and possibly Coelophysis.

Based on their review of the early carnivorous dinosaur fauna from Ghost Ranch and the Ischigualasto Formation Nesbit et al. (2009) observed that each was descended from a separate lineage, and inferred that the "South American" protocontinent Gondwana was the ancestral range for basal dinosaurs. Nesbit et al. (2009) went on to note that dinosaurs left their ancestral range in Gondwana and 200 million years ago they dispersed across the adjoined continents of Pangea.

Nesbit et al. (2009) noted that repeated flooding events collected vertebrate bones, carcasses, and plant material from the landscape surface, possibly in hyperconcentrated flows, and deposited them at what is now Hayden Quarry. It was observed that these flooding events were separated by intervals where there was standing water and weakly developed, poorly drained (hydromorphic) soil formation. The Tawa specimens were very well preserved which suggests that they were buried extremely soon after dying.