Papineau is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joseph Papineau, 19th-century Quebec politician
Louis-Joseph Papineau, son of Joseph Papineau, also a 19th-century Quebec politician; headed the 1837 rebellions against the British government in Canada
Amédée Papineau, son of Louis Joseph Papineau
Denis-Benjamin Papineau, son of Joseph Papineau, was a Joint Premier of the Province of Canada
Talbot Mercer Papineau, Rhodes scholar and soldier, died in the Great War
David Papineau, British philosopher of mind and science
