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The Oshima Peninsula (渡島 半島 Oshima-hantō) is the southernmost part of Hokkaidō, the northernmost of the Japanese islands. Where the peninsula starts is open to interpretation. A more generous interpretation is to draw a line southeast from Ishikari Bay across the Ishikari Plain to Yufutsu. A narrower interpretation is to draw a line connecting Suttsu on the Sea of Japan and Oshamambe on Uchiura Bay. This narrow interpretation encompases the subprefectures of Oshima and Hiyama.
At its southern end it forks into the southwest-pointing Matsumae Peninsula and the southeast-pointing Kameda Peninsula. These two peninsulas face Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsulas of Honshū across the Tsugaru Strait. The Ōnuma Quasi-National Park is located on the peninsula.
The terrain of the peninsula is hilly, with several volcanoes and onsen hot springs. The peninsula is home to the northern city and port of Hakodate and numerous small fishing and agricultural villages.
Matsumae Castle, the northernmost castle in Japan, is located on the Oshima peninsula.