Niebuhr is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Barthold Georg Niebuhr, (1776-1831), 19th-century German statesman and historian
Carsten Niebuhr, 18th-century German traveller, explorer and surveyor, and father of Barthold Georg Niebuhr (sometimes mistakenly called by his son's first name)
Reinhold Niebuhr and H. Richard Niebuhr, brothers and American Christian scholars