Neugebauer is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Gerald Neugebauer, American astronomerHans E J Neugebauer, German-American imaging scientistMarcia Neugebauer, American geophysicistOtto E. Neugebauer, Austrian-American mathematician and historian of scienceRandy Neugebauer, U.S. congressmanWalter Neugebauer (or Valter Nojgebauer), Croatian comic book artistOther usesNeugebauer SA, a Brazilian chocolate manufacturing company