Minimal logic

Minimal logic, or minimal calculus, is a symbolic logic system originally developed by Ingebrigt Johansson. It is a variant of intuitionistic logic that rejects not only the classical law of excluded middle (as intuitionistic logic does), but also the principle of explosion (ex falso quodlibet).

Just like intuitionistic logic, minimal logic can be formulated in a language using → (implication), ∧ (conjunction), ∨ (disjunction), and ⊥ (falsum) as the basic connectives, treating ¬A (negation) as an abbreviation for A → ⊥. In this language, it is axiomatized by the positive fragment (i.e., formulas using only →, ∧, and ∨) of intuitionistic logic, with no additional axioms or rules about ⊥. Thus minimal logic is a subsystem of intuitionistic logic, and it is strictly weaker as it does not derive the ex falso quodlibet principle ⊥ ⊢ B (however, it derives its special case ⊥ ⊢ ¬ B ).

Adding the ex falso axiom ¬ A → ( A → B ) to minimal logic results in intuitionistic logic, and adding the double negation law ¬ ¬ A → A to minimal logic results in classical logic.