Mathieson is a surname and may apply to the following:
Alexander Mathieson & Sons, Scottish edge-tool makers
Colin Mathieson, Paralympic athlete from Canada
Craig Mathieson (b. 1971), Australian writer
David Mathieson (b. 1978), Scottish footballer
Jamie Mathieson, British writer
Jean Mathieson, Canadian animator
Jim Mathieson (1931-2003), British sculptor
Jim John Mathieson (b. 1970), Canadian ice hockey player
John Mathieson (cinematographer) (b. 1958), film maker
John Mathieson (computer scientist), computer scientist who worked for Sinclair Research and later developed the Atari Jaguar video games console
John Alexander Mathieson (1863–1947), Premier of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island 1911–1917
Muir Mathieson (1911-1975), British conductor
Neil Mathieson (1823- ), Scottish chemist and businessman
Scott Mathieson (b. 1984), Canadian baseball player
Taso Mathieson (1908-1991), Scottish racing driver
Willie Mathieson, Scottish footballer
It is also very rarely used as a given name:
Mathieson Jacoby (1869–1915), Australian politician