In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power. Typically, the final goal is to gain power through a revolutionary coup d'état or through assassination. A conspiracy can also be used for infiltration of the governing system.
A conspiracy is to be contrasted with a cabal. The two are similar but have quite different connotations; in contrast to a cabal, a conspiracy usually looks to overthrow a fixed power instead of usurping it from within.
A "Conspiracy theory" is a belief that a conspiracy has actually been decisive in producing a political event which the theorists strongly disapprove of.
1552 BCE - Apophis Kush Alliance against Egypt as attested to in the second Kamose stele
1st century BCE - Catiline conspiracies
44 BCE - Liberatores plot assassination of Julius Caesar to restore Roman Republic
65 CE - Pisonian conspiracy
Late 15th century (1478) Pazzi conspiracy, which included the Pope
1506 - Conspiracy against the life of the brothers Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, coordinated by their half brother Giulio d'Este and full brother Ferrante d'Este
1570 - Ridolfi plot against Elizabeth I of England
1583 - Throckmorton Plot to murder Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots
1586 - Babington Plot, second major plot against Elizabeth, that led most directly to execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
1603 - Main Plot to remove James I of England and enthrone Arbella Stuart
— Bye Plot, leads to the execution of Sir George Brooke
1605 - Gunpowder Plot to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament as prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands, during which James's nine-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, was to be installed as the Catholic head of state; often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot; origin of Guy Fawkes Day
1749 - Conspiracy of the Slaves by Muslim slaves to kill Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over Malta with the help of the Barbary states.
1788 - Anjala conspiracy
1832 - Georgian plot, assassination of the Russian imperial administration and restoration of the Georgian monarchy
1865 - Abraham Lincoln assassination plot, to include assassination of cabinet members
1898 - The Dreyfus Affair, a coordinated attempt to falsely accuse Alfred Dreyfus of treason
1903 - The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, presented as authentic text by the Tsar's secret police efforts to foment anti-Semitism
1914 - The Black Hand, a secret society controlled by Serbian Military Intelligence, coordinates the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, thus causing World War I.
1924 - The Zinoviev letter, published in the United Kingdom before the 1924 general election, is a letter now believed to be a forgery. It was signed with the name of Grigory Zinoviev and addressed to the Communist Party of Great Britain. Its publication and contents led to speculation of a Russian communist conspiracy. The Conservative Party landslide at the election was partly attributed to the letter.
1938 - Presumed Hitler Youth Conspiracy, NKVD case in Moscow involving some 70 arrests and 40 executions of teenagers and adults, later found to be baseless
1939 - Operation Himmler and its Gleiwitz incident, "False Flag" terrorism by Nazi Germany as pretext for invasion of Poland
— Shelling of Mainila, "False Flag" terrorism by USSR as pretext for Winter War
1943 - Bomb on Hitler's aircraft, an attempt on Adolf Hitler
1944 - July 20 Plot, attempt to assassinate Hitler with suitcase bomb, and then use Operation Valkyrie to grab power
1953 - 1953 Iranian coup d'état Anglo-American conspiracy under the names of 'Operation Ajax' (CIA ) and 'Operation Boot' (MI6)
1954 - Lavon affair Operation Susannah, "False Flag" terrorism by Mossad
1968 - The Markovic affair, French Secret Service Gaullist plot destabilise future president Georges Pompidou
1969 to 1972 Secret war in Laos, and Operation Menu in Cambodia, concealed from Congressional oversight
1972 - Watergate scandal, burglary and cover-up scandals
1982 - Fighting Solidarity
1984 - Brighton hotel bombing - attempted assassination of Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet by the Provisional IRA
1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
1987 - Iran-Contra Affair
1991 - Nayirah testimony to rally U.S. public support to launch the Gulf War
List of political conspiracies Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA