LS (stands for “Liniový Systém” in Czech, “continuous system” in English) is a cab signalling and a train protection system used on the main lines of the Czech and Slovak railways (on all lines which track speed exceeds 100 km/h in the Czech republic or 120 km/h in Slovakia). This system continuously transmits and shows a signal aspect of the next main signal in driver’s cabin and when the driver’s activity is needed (e.g. reduction of train’s speed), it periodically checks the driver’s vigilance (he has to press the “vigilance” button; else the emergency brake is applied). This is the main function of on-board part of the LS-system (continuous cab signalling and checking the driver’s vigilance when needed).
Trackside part of the LS-system is based on coded track circuits using carrier frequency 75 Hz with 100% amplitude modulation (on-off keying). The signal aspect of the next signal is coded in modulation frequency (there are used four modulation frequencies: 0.9 Hz – 1.8 Hz – 3.6 Hz – 5.4 Hz; it means that it is possible to transmit four signal aspects).
The LS-system can transmit these signal aspects:
The trackside part of the LS-system became an integral part of every Automatic Block used on the lines in the Czech Republic and in the Slovakia. Almost entire fleet of locomotives is equipped by the on-board part of the LS-system (in one of these versions: LS II–IV, LS 90, LS 06 or MIREL VZ1).
Mirel VZ1
On-board device Mirel VZ1 unlike older devices generates braking curve according to received restrictive signal. Nevertheless, the trackside part of the LS-system offers too little information to generate a usable braking curve. Thus, this braking curve is so restrictive that its use is questionable. The driver has two choices then. He has to regulate the speed so that is lower than the generated speed, otherwise emergency braking is applied; or he can use manual mode and there is no braking curve (only checking the driver’s vigilance). But the Mirel VZ1 has an optional ability to decoding the Hungarian signals of the EVM 120. Therefore the newest Škoda locomotive 380/381 (they will be operated also in Hungary) were equipped with Mirel VZ1 instead of LS90 board unit.