Kohlberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfred Kohlberg (1887–1960), American businessman and anti-communist
Andy Kohlberg (born 1959), American tennis player
Benny Kohlberg (born 1954), Swedish cross-country skier
Jerome Kohlberg, Jr., (1925-2015), American financier
Lawrence Kohlberg, developmental psychologist
Olga Bernstein Kohlberg (1864–1935), German-American philanthropist
Yaron Kohlberg (born 1983), Israeli pianist