Kharlamov (Russian: Харламов, female Kharlamova (Харламова)) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Kharlamov, ice hockey player
Alexey Kharlamov, painter
Garik Kharlamov, Russian actor, resident of Comedy Club Russia
Ioann Kharlamov, archpriest
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov, military leader
Nikolay Nikolayevich Kharlamov, painter
Semyon Kharlamov, a Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
Sergei Kharlamov, a Russian footballer
Valentina Kharlamova, a Soviet actress and People's Artist of the USSR
Valeri Kharlamov, ice hockey player
Vasily Kharlamov, military leader
Viktor Kharlamov, military leader