Kharitonov (Russian: Харито́нов), or Kharitonova (feminine; Харито́нова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandr Kharitonov (chess), Russian chess player
Aleksandr Kharitonov (footballer) (born 1983), Russian footballer
Aleksandr Kharitonov (ice hockey) (born 1976), Russian ice hockey player
Andrei Kharitonov, a Ukrainian actor and film director
Dmitry Evstratievich Kharitonov (1896–1970), a Russian arachnologist
Gavriil Kharitonov (1767–?), Russian copperplate engraver
Leonid Kharitonov (actor) (1930–1987), Soviet actor
Leonid Kharitonov (singer) (born 1933), Soviet bass soloist with the Alexandrov Ensemble, and operatic and concert soloist
Mark Kharitonov (born 1937), writer and translator
Mikhail Kharitonov (?–?), associate of Stepan Razin
Nikolai Kharitonov (1920–1988), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
Nikolay Kharitonov (born 1948), Russian politician
Oleg Kharitonov, 100 mile track world record holder
Pyotr Kharitonov (1916–1987), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
Sergei Kharitonov (born 1980), Russian heavyweight mixed martial arts fighter
Vladimir Kharitonov, Soviet poet
Vladimir Kharitonov (1919–1996), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
Vladimir Leonidovich Kharitonov, Russian mathematician, see Kharitonov's theorem
Yevgeny Kharitonov (politician), Russian politician
Yevgeny Kharitonov (poet), Russian poet
Anna Kharitonova (born 1985), Russian judoka
Marta Kharitonova (born 1984), Russian slalom canoer
Olga Kharitonova (born 1990), Russian sprinter
Svetlana Kharitonova (1932–2012), Russian actress