Karpov is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandr Karpov, Soviet ace, double Hero of the Soviet UnionAnatoly Karpov (born 1951), Russian chess grandmaster, Undisputed World Chess Champion 1975–85, and FIDE World Chess Champion 1993–99Dmitriy Karpov (born 1981), athlete from KazakhstanElena Karpova (born 1980), basketball playerLev Iakovlevich Karpov (1879–1921), Russian Chemist and Bolshevik revolutionarySergey Karpov (born 1948), Russian historianValeri Karpov (born 1971), retired ice hockey playerVladimir Karpov (born 1922), soldier and writer