Juanita Spinelli

Evelita Juanita Spinelli (October 17, 1889 - November 22, 1941) nicknamed The Duchess, was the first woman to be executed by the state of California. She was a gangster and ex-wrestler.

FBI profiler Candice DeLong described Spinelli as a "stone cold psychopath who had no use for anybody, other than what she could get out of them." Young delinquent homeless men were regularly taken into her house. She would cook and clean for them and train them to be professional criminals. Her daughter, Gypsy, regularly used a honey trap to snare drunken men, who were consequently mugged. The men received a ten dollar weekly allowance, with Spinelli receiving the lion's share of their ill-gotten gains.

Two of her protegees, Albert Ives and Robert Sherrod, killed Leland Cash during a mugging (when he reached into his pocket to turn up his hearing aid, Ives assumed he was reaching for a gun and shot Cash in the stomach). Fearing Sherrord would confess to the police, Spinelli gave him whiskey that she had laced with chloral hydrate. The gang then beat him up whilst he was unconscious. To make his death appear accidental, they threw him off a bridge wearing only swimming trunks. However, the autopsy showed there was no water in his lungs. Fearing for his own survival, Ives escaped and confessed to the police. Spinelli was consequently arrested. Her gang members testified against her at her trial.

She was described by a warden as "the coldest, hardest character, male or female, I have ever known, a homely, scrawny, nearsighted, sharp-featured scarecrow. . . . The Duchess was a hag, evil as a witch, horrible to look at, impossible to like." She was executed November 22, 1941, at the age of 52.