Joy (programming language)

How it works

Joy is unusual (except for function-level programming languages and some esoteric ones, such as unlambda) in its lack of a lambda operator, and therefore lack of formal parameters. To illustrate this with a common example, here is how the square function might be defined in an imperative programming language (C):

The variable x is a formal parameter which is replaced by the actual value to be squared when the function is called. In a functional language (Scheme) the same function could be defined:

This is different in many ways, but it still uses the formal parameter x in the same way. In Joy the square function is defined:

DEFINE square == dup * .

In Joy, everything is a function that takes a stack as an argument and returns a stack as a result. For instance, the numeral '5' does not represent an integer constant, but instead a short program that pushes the number 5 onto the stack.

The dup operator simply duplicates the top element of the stack by pushing a copy of it.

The * operator pops two numbers off the stack and pushes their product.

So the square function makes a copy of the top element, and then multiplies the two top elements of the stack, leaving the square of the original top element at the top of the stack, with no need for a formal parameter. This makes Joy concise, as illustrated by this definition of quicksort:

DEFINE qsort == [small] [] [uncons [>] split] [enconcat] binrec.

"binrec" is one of Joy's many recursive combinators, implementing binary recursion. It expects four quoted programs on top of the stack which represent:

the termination condition (if a list is "small" (1 or 0 elements) it is already sorted),

what to do if the termination condition is met (in this case nothing),

what to do by default (split the list into two halves by comparing each element with the pivot), and finally

what to do at the end (insert the pivot between the two sorted halves).

Mathematical purity

In Joy, the meaning function is a homomorphism from the syntactic monoid onto the semantic monoid. That is, the syntactic relation of concatenation of symbols maps directly onto the semantic relation of composition of functions. It is a homomorphism rather than an isomorphism, because it is onto but not one-to-one; that is, no symbol has more than one meaning, but some sequences of symbols have the same meaning (e.g. "dup +" and "2 *").

Joy is a concatenative programming language: "The concatenation of two programs denotes the composition of the functions denoted by the two programs".

Its library routines mirror those of ISO C, though the current implementation is not easily extensible with functions written in C.