Translator Richard McDougall Language English, French ISBN 978-0-394-73862-8 Publisher Pantheon Books | Country France Publication date June 12, 1980 Originally published 12 June 1980 OCLC 5800446 | |
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Pages 199 (Pantheon Books paperback) Adaptations The Mystery of Alexina (1985) Similar Works by Michel Foucault, Disease books | ||
Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite is a 1980 English-language translation of Herculine Barbin's nineteenth-century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by Michel Foucault, which only appears in the English-language translation of the memoirs. Foucault discovered Barbin's memoirs during his research about hermaphroditism for The History of Sexuality.
Contents
Herculine Barbin was born in 1838 as a female. Unlawfully in love with another woman, she was forced to transform into a male in 1860 because of a judge's orders. After the sex transformation, Barbin's name was changed, and Barbin was referred as either Camille or Abel. In 1868, Barbin committed suicide due to her inability to make the transition from female to male.
Foucault explained in his introduction that the objective of social institutions was to restrict "the free choice of indeterminate individuals". He noted that the legal efforts in the 1860s and 1870s to control gender identity occurred despite centuries of comparative acceptance of hermaphroditism. During the Middle Ages, Foucault wrote, hermaphrodites were viewed as people who had an amalgamation of masculine and feminine traits. When they reached adulthood, hermaphrodites in the Middle Ages were allowed to decide whether they wanted to be male or female. However, this procedure was abandoned in later times, when scientists decided that each person only had one real gender. When a person demonstrated the physical or mental traits of the opposite sex, such aberrations were deemed random or inconsequential. Scholars Elizabeth A. Meese and Alice Parker noted that the memoir's lessons are applicable to the contemporary world in that the lack of a clear gender identity transgresses the truth.
The collection of memoirs inspired Jeffrey Eugenides to write Middlesex. Believing that the memoir evaded discussion about intersex individuals' anatomy and emotions, Eugenides concluded that he would "write the story that I wasn't getting from the memoir".
Commemoration
The birthday of Herculine Barbin is marked in Intersex Day of Remembrance on 8 November.
Judith Butler's response
In his critical introduction, Foucault calls Barbin's pre-masculine upbringing a "happy limbo of non-identity" (xiii). Judith Butler, in her book Gender Trouble, takes this as an opportunity to read Foucault against himself, especially in History of Sexuality, Volume I. She calls Foucault's introduction a "romanticized appropriation" of Barbin's experience; rather, Butler understands Barbin’s upbringing not as an intersex body exposing and refuting the regulative strategies of sexual categorization (à la Foucault) but as an example of how the law maintains an “‘outside’ within itself”. She argues that Barbin’s sexual disposition—“one of ambivalence from the outset”—represents a recapitulation of the ambivalence inherent within the religious law that produces her. Specifically, Butler cites the “institutional injunction to pursue the love of the various ‘sisters’ and ‘mothers’ of the extended convent family and the absolute prohibition against carrying that love too far”.