Start date October 20, 1989 | ||
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Similar Kempsey bus crash, 1997 Thredbo landslide, 1989 Newcastle earthquake | ||
The Grafton bus crash killed 21 people and injured 22 on the Pacific Highway on the North Coast of New South Wales near Grafton. At some time between 3:50 a.m. and 4:00 a.m. on Friday, 20 October 1989 a southbound semi-trailer truck carrying a load of tinned fruit juice veered onto the wrong side of the road and collided with a Sunliner Express bus travelling the other way. The bus was carrying forty-five passengers. The impact of the semi-trailer truck resulted in a penetration of the side of the bus, both spilling passengers onto the road as well as causing trauma for passengers within the bus interior. At the time, this crash was the worst in Australian road transport history in terms of number of deaths.
The driver of the truck, who was among the dead, was found to have a high concentration of ephedrine in his blood, a stimulant similar in effect to the amphetamines. The concentration found was 80 times in excess of the normal therapeutic level, even for chronic users. It was subsequently found that the truck driver used ephedrine to stay awake and alert, a then common usage by long distance drivers.
Reaction and consequences
This crash was one of several on the Pacific Highway involving buses during a relatively brief period. Less than five months previously, another bus had run off the road, with no fatalities; only two months later, on 22 December 1989, the Kempsey bus crash involving two buses killed even more passengers.
The inquest into the Grafton bus crash was conducted by means of two sets of hearings in early 1990. The first hearings established the specific causes of the crash, and the second hearings examined matters relevant to road safety in Australia: speed limits on undivided highways; speed limiters in motor vehicles, particularly in heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses; drivers having multiple licences from different Australian jurisdictions; the transfer of driver and vehicle information among Australian States and Territories; the collection, collation, analysis and reporting of road crash statistics; driver fatigue, including drowsiness and obstructive sleep apnoea; the regulation of driving hours for truck and bus drivers; drugged driving; aftermarket fitment of bullbars on motor vehicles; construction standards for buses and bus seats; the use of multi-combination heavy vehicles such as B-double trucks and road trains; mass and dimension standards for trucks; the use of radar detector devices to avoid police speed enforcement; road safety advertising and education; and general matters associated with road construction and national road transport and road freight policies.
The response to these incidents was an effort in Australia, and particularly in New South Wales, to better regulate the heavy transport industry. This included banning "stay-awake" drugs, limiting uninterrupted driving time and mandating rest periods. The design standards of long-distance buses and their safety equipment were also reviewed and a proposal made to upgrade the Pacific Highway to a divided road all the way between Sydney and Brisbane.
There is a memorial to the travellers involved in the Grafton Bus Disaster located on a closed-off section of the old Pacific Highway at Cowper.
This accident and the Kempsey bus crash eight weeks later were described as "arguably Australia’s most catastrophic examples of high consequence/low probability incidents in the bus industry" in a bus safety discussion document.