Name Francois Seraphin | ||
Francois Dominique Seraphin (15 February 1747 – 5 December 1800) was a French entertainer who developed and popularised shadow plays in France. The art form would go on to be copied across Europe.
Shadow plays
The art of using shadows to form figures onto a screen can be traced back to 9th-century Indonesia and China. European travellers saw these "Ombres Chinoises" (Chinese shadows) and returned home with descriptions of their performance. Seraphin introduced his version of the act at the back of a Versailles inn during the early 1770s. Though he started the show in humble beginnings they became such a success, including regular visits from the aristocracy, that Seraphin would go on to perform at the Palace of Versailles in front of royalty.
In 1784 Seraphin moved to Paris, performing his shows at the newly opened Palais-Royal from 8 September 1784. During this time Marie Antoinette visited three of his plays. The performances would continue though the French Revolution. Seraphin died in 1800 but his shows continued initially under the direction of his nephew until the theatre closed in 1870.
Seraphin had adapted the Ombres Chinoises and devised new methods to control the shadow-throwing puppets. Rather than use hidden performers moving the parts of the silhouetted puppets, Seraphin developed the use of clockwork mechanisms to automate the show. He made a variety of devices and performed several different acts including "Le Chasse aux canards" (The Duck Hunt), "Le Magicien Rothomago" (Rothomago the Magician), and "L'Embarras du menage" (The Embarrassment of the Household). Amongst Seraphin's most popular works was Le Pont Casse (The Broken Bridge), a play based on a musical piece by Louis-Gabriel Guillemain. At the height of popularity the most famous of Seraphin's shadow plays were reproduced so that children could perform them. Script details and paper versions of the characters were made in Epinal, Nancy, and Augsburg. Children would stick the characters to cardboard and cut them out, performing their own versions of the stories in small toy theatres.
Seraphin is seen as the most important figure in the development of the art form. His work is believed to have been seen by Philip James de Loutherbourg, giving him inspiration for his mechanical work including the Eidophusikon. Techniques used to create the shadow plays were also replicated and combined with other emerging technologies, including magic lanterns, to form phantasmagoria shows.