Other names Frances Jalet Occupation Poverty Lawyer | Name Frances Jalet-Cruz | |
Full Name Frances Tuckerman Freeman Born November 10, 1910 Boston, Massachusetts, United States Cause of death long illness, possibly Alzeimer's Alma mater Radcliffe College
Columbia University School of Law, Columbia Teachers College, Georgetown University Known for Humane treatment of the incarcerated, Inmate Civil Rights Religion As both Frances Jalet's parents were Catholic, she was born a Catholic but left the church at a young age. She objected to a religion that claimed that it was the only "true" religion. Too, she had a lovely contralto voice, like her mother (who gave vocal recitals in Boston) and became an Episcopalian, where she sang in the choir throughout her life. She respected all religions and visited other churches frequently. Died 1994, Trumbull, Connecticut, United States Education Radcliffe College, Georgetown University | ||
Frances Jalet-Cruz represented Texas inmates in a number of suits against the Texas Department of Corrections and became one of the central figures in the Texas prison reform movement during the late 1960s and 1970s, leading to broad changes in the Texas prison system in the 1980s.
Life
Frances Tuckerman Freeman, born in Boston, Massachusetts on November 10, 1910. She attended Radcliffe at age 16 and earned a degree in government in 1931. She and her fiance, Marius ("Jack") Stephens Jalet whom she met at Harvard, planned to go to law school but postponed law school and took jobs in New York. Frances worked at Sullivan and Cromwell in the secretarial pool (she could type 105 words a minute) and "Jack" Jalet worked as an "CB-OB" ("college boy-office boy") at Time Inc. In 1935, at age 24, Frances married Marius Jalet. While pregnant with her first of five children, in 1937, Jalet received her J.D. from Columbia Law School and later, she obtained a degree in Education from Columbia Teachers College. She had decided to postpone the practice of law to teach elementary school in Norwalk and Darien, Connecticut (where she and her husband had settled) to be in close proximity to her children. When Frances Jalet was working for American Association of University Women in Washington, D. C., as Director of the "Status of Women", she obtained a master's degree in law from Georgetown :University in 1958.
In 1967, Jalet applied for and received a Reginald Heber fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania School of Law where she studied poverty law with fifty other lawyers in a special program sponsored by the Office of Economic Opportunity. Upon completion of the six-week course in 1967, Jalet inquired as to where help was most needed and was told the State of Texas. So she moved to Austin, Texas and began her work for the Legal Aid and Defender Society of Travis County. She served as a legal aid lawyer in Dallas, Houston, and some years later in New York and Illinois.
While in Austin, Texas Department of Corrections (TDC) inmate, writ writer, Fred Arispe Cruz contacted Jalet to enlist her assistance in filing legal papers on his behalf. Shortly thereafter, Jalet began litigating for prisoners' rights, not only on Cruz's behalf but for other TDC inmates as well. Her work led to Texas Penal Officials to organize other inmates to sue her, saying that she was fomenting rebellion in the inmates. These inmates later recanted their stories, dropping their suit. The attention she brought eventually led to a broader movement focusing on prison reform, and in the 1980s the Federal courts ordered sweeping changes in prisons statewide. Jalet worked as a legal aid lawyer in Austin, Dallas, Houston, and in New York and Illinois. She then caused a scandal when she married Fred Cruz in 1972, after his release from prison, at the age of 61, she married Mr. Cruz, 32. They divorced six years later because of his return to heroin usage. Frances Jalet-Cruz died in Trumbull, Connecticut in December 1994 at the age of 84.
Her work with Fred Arispe Cruz was chronicled in the 2008 documentary, Writ Writer, and in the book "Texas Prisons: The Walls Came Tumbling Down," by Steve J. Martin and Sheldon Ekland-Olson. The book's dedication cited "her unwavering belief in the rule of law."