Dangerously irrelevant operator

Example

Let us suppose there is a field ϕ with a potential depending upon two parameters, a and b.

Let us also suppose that a is positive and nonzero and β > α . If b is zero, there is no stable equilibrium. If the scaling dimension of ϕ is c, then the scaling dimension of b is d − β c where d is the number of dimensions. It is clear that if the scaling dimension of b is negative, b is an irrelevant parameter. However, the crucial point is, that the VEV

depends very sensitively upon b, at least for small values of b. Because the nature of infrared physics also depends upon the VEV, it looks very different even for a tiny change in b not because the physics in the vicinity of ϕ = 0 changes much — it hardly changes at all — but because the VEV we are expanding about has changed enormously.

Supersymmetric models with a modulus can often have dangerously irrelevant parameters.