In order theory, a discipline within mathematics, a critical pair is a pair of elements in a partially ordered set that are incomparable but that could be made comparable without requiring any other changes to the partial order.
Formally, let P = (S, ≤) be a partially ordered set. Then a critical pair is an ordered pair (x, y) of elements of S with the following three properties:
If (x, y) is a critical pair, then the binary relation obtained from P by adding the single relationship x ≤ y is also a partial order. The properties required of critical pairs ensure that, when the relationship x ≤ y is added, the addition does not cause any violations of the transitive property.
A set R of linear extensions of P is said to reverse a critical pair (x, y) in P if there exists a linear extension in R for which y occurs earlier than x. This property may be used to characterize realizers of finite partial orders: A nonempty set R of linear extensions is a realizer if and only if it reverses every critical pair.