 | ||
The Civic Gospel was a philosophy of municipal activism and improvement that emerged in Birmingham, England in the mid-19th century. Tracing its origins to the teaching of independent nonconformist preacher George Dawson, who declared that "a town is a solemn organism through which shall flow, and in which shall be shaped, all the highest, loftiest and truest ends of man's moral nature", it reached its culmination in the mayoralty of Joseph Chamberlain between 1873 and 1876. After Dawson's death in 1876 it was the Congregationalist pastor R. W. Dale who took on the role as the movement's leading nonconformist spokesman. Other major proponents included the Baptist Charles Vince and the Unitarian H. W. Crosskey.
During its early years in the 1850s and 1860s the concept of the Civic Gospel combined Dawson's liberal theology with a social and political vision of civic brotherhood that saw a city as having a communal interest that transcended those of its constituent social classes and other groupings. Under Dale it evolved into a more systematic and thorough philosophy, less dependent on Dawson's idiosyncratic theology. In its mature form its position was essentially that a city was a closer and more significant form of community than a nation or a religion, and thus it was a municipality, more than parliament or the church, that had most to contribute to the health, welfare and fairness of urban society.
Dawson's congregation at the Church of the Saviour included some of the most influential cultural and political leaders of Victorian Birmingham, including not only Joseph Chamberlain, but also George Dixon, J. T. Bunce, J. A. Langford, Robert Martineau, Samuel Timmins, A. F. Osler, Jesse Collings, William Kenrick, and William Harris. Between 1847 and 1867, 17 members of Dawson's congregation were elected to the Town Council, of whom 6 were elected mayor. The effect of the Civic Gospel was to transform Birmingham from the inactive and backward municipal borough that had emerged from the Municipal Reform Act of 1835, into a model of progressive, enlightened and efficient local government. Roy Hartnell writes: "It was nothing less than a bloodless revolution which had been engineered from above by the exploiting class, rather than through agitation from below by the exploited class." By 1890, a visiting American journalist could describe Birmingham as "the best-governed city in the world".
Chamberlain's reforms were influential on Beatrice Webb, one of the leaders of the Fabian movement, which laid the foundations of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. Beatrice Webb's husband, Sidney Webb, wrote in 1890 in Socialism in England:
It is not only in matters of sanitation that this "Municipal Socialism" is progressing. Nearly half the consumers of the Kingdom already consume gas made by themselves as citizens collectively, in 168 different localities, as many as 14 local authorities obtained the power to borrow money to engage in the gas industry in a single year. Water supply is rapidly coming to be universally a matter of public provision, no fewer than 71 separate governing bodies obtaining loans for this purpose in the year 1885–86 alone. The prevailing tendency is for the municipalities to absorb also the tramway industry, 31 localities already owning their own lines, comprising a quarter of the mileage in the Kingdom.