Chernyshyov or Chernyshev (Russian: Чернышёв) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Chernyshyova or Chernysheva. Notable people with the surname include:
Arkady Chernyshev (1914–1992), Soviet ice hockey and association football playerAlexander Chernyshyov (1786–1857), military leader of 1812 guerrilla warfare, diplomat and statesman (Russian Minister of War, 1827–1856)Aleksandr Chernyshyov (1882–1940), Russian electrical engineerAlexey Chernyshyov (born 1939), governor of Orenburg Oblast, RussiaAvdotya Chernysheva (1693–1747), Russian noble and lady in waitingDmitry Chernyshyov (born 1975), Russian swimmerEvgenia Chernyshyova, Russian figure skaterFeodosy Chernyshyov (1856–1914), Russian geologist and paleontologistIvan Chernyshyov (1726–1797), Russian Field MarshalLyudmila Chernyshyova (born 1952), Russian volleyball playerNadezhda Chernyshyova (born 1951), Russian rowerPrincesse Moustache (Natalya Chernyshyova, 1741–1837), Russian lady-in-waitingOlga Chernysheva (born 1962), Russian artistSvetlana Chernyshyova (born 1984), Russian figure skaterVladimir Chernyshyov (1951–2004), Russian volleyball playerCountess Xenia Czernichev-Besobrasov (1929–1968), Austrian princessYevgeni Chernyshyev (born 1947), Soviet handball playerZakhar Chernyshyov (1722–1784), Russian Minister of War