Cephas Thompson

Cephas Thompson (July 1, 1775 – November 6, 1856) was a successful, largely (or possibly wholly) self-taught, early nineteenth-century itinerant portrait painter in the United States. He was born, died, and lived most of his life in Middleborough, Massachusetts, though he traveled extensively down the Atlantic coast and lived far from home for months at a time while pursuing his career as a portraitist.

Thompson married Olive Leonard on March 18, 1802 (his full-length portrait of her survives in the Metropolitan Museum of Art). Their son, Cephas Giovanni Thompson, became a painter of portraits and landscape in his own right, and a friend of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Cephas and Olive's daughter Florantha married missionary Granville Sproat and, after spending time teaching at La Pointe, Wisconsin, moved to California during the gold rush. Florantha and Granville's daughter Elvira (Cephas Thompson's granddaughter) married James Hutchings, the early promoter of Yosemite.

Although Thompson lived most of his life in Middleborough, he produced portraits at several locations in southeastern New England. Perhaps more importantly, from 1800 to 1825 he made many seasonal trips to the south to paint in Baltimore, Alexandria, Norfolk, Charleston, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Georgia. Between 1805 and 1821 Thompson also paid five extended visits to Bristol, Rhode Island, where he painted over 132 portraits of merchants, ship-owners, sea captains, and their wives and children. Approximately 65% of Thompson's Bristol sitters derived wealth from their head-of-households' participation in the African-Caribbean-Carolina slave-trade. In April 1817 Thompson advertised his presence in Providence, Rhode Island, where he intended to paint portraits "in the Hall of Blake's Hotel"; but portraits he painted then and there have not yet been identified. At about age 50, Thompson retired from itinerant painting to reside year-round on his Middleborough farm.

Among Cephas Thompson's portrait subjects are John Marshall, Stephen Decatur, David Ramsay of South Carolina, John Howard Payne, Elizabeth Wirt, James DeWolf, and George Washington Parke Custis, who was his pupil. As Deborah Sisum has noted and Keith Arbour has extensively documented, the most important patrons of Thompson's early career were members of the DeWolf family of Bristol, Rhode Island. The largest collection of Thompson's work is in the Boston Athenæum, which also holds some of the artist's papers. Portraits by Thompson are also in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum (Williamsburg, Virginia), Linden Place Museum (Bristol, R.I), the Bristol (R.I.) Historical and Preservation Society, and the Newport (R.I.) Historical Society. The capable amateur historian George Decas of Middleborough, Mass., devoted chapters 16 and 17 of his biography of Col. Peter Peirce to Cephas Thompson, his life, career, and children.