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The 1956 Catalog of paintings in the Rijksmuseum documents a selection of around 1200 paintings from the collection of the Rijksmuseum that at the time was meant to display an overview of Dutch art from the 15th to the end of the 17th century. The selection of paintings on show in the Rijksmuseum in the 1950s was very similar to the selection first displayed after the museum reopened after World War II. The first post-War catalog was published in 1948 with the help of David C. Roell who had helped with the 1934 catalog. After the war he produced the first edition of this catalog and he wrote the forward to the second edition 1951 and this third edition in 1956. The catalog was unillustrated, but was meant as a tourist guide to accompany an album of photographs with a selection of 120 top paintings. Of the 345 painters with works on show named in the catalog, only 4 were women: Judith Leyster, Cornelia van der Mijn, Rachel Ruysch, and Elisabeth Geertruida Wassenbergh. The most notable painter with works in the collection at that time that were not on show was Vincent van Gogh.
What follows is the list of painters and their oil paintings in catalog order, which was alphabetical by last name or "school". For a more up-to-date list of painters, see List of painters in the collection of the Rijksmuseum.