 | ||
The cuneiform bad, bat, be, etc. sign is a common multi-use sign in the mid 14th-century BC Amarna letters, and the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Epic it also has 5 sumerogram uses (capital letter (majuscule)). From Giorgio Buccellati (Buccellati 1979) 'comparative graphemic analysis' (about 360 cuneiform signs, nos. 1 through no. 598E), of 5 categories of letters, the usage numbers of the bad sign are as follows: Old Babylonian Royal letters (71), OB non-Royal letters (392), Mari letters (2108), Amarna letters (334), Ugarit letters (39).
The following linguistic elements are used for the bad sign in the 12 chapter (Tablets I-Tablet XII) Epic of Gilgamesh:
bad (not in Epic) bat be mid mit sun til zizsumerograms:
BE IDIM TIL ÚŠ ZIZThe following usage numbers for the linguistic elements of sign bad in the Epic are as follows: bad, (0 times), bat, (61), be, (16), mid, (7), mit, (8), sun, (1), til, (11), ziz, (8), BE, (2), IDIM, (2), TIL, (1), ÚŠ, (2), ZIZ, (1).
Instead of a large horizontal, as seen in the (digitized form, but one type of "bad") , the sign is seen in the Amarna letters as composed of two opposite facing (triangles), the wedges. It can be seen here [1], Amarna letter EA 153-(lines 153:4, 11), for "King-Lord-mine", "LUGAL, Be-li-ia", or Be-lí-ia", where "bēlu" is Akkadian for "lord".
Amarna letters
The vassal city-state letters to the Pharaoh often reference the King (Pharaoh), as: "King, Lord-mine", where king is represented by LUGAL (king Sumerogram), for Akkadian language šarru-(sometimes LUGAL-ri, represented as "ŠÁR-ri", for king, ŠÁR=LUGAL). For the reverse of EA 362, Rib-Hadda to Pharaoh (plus lines 66-69 on clay tablet side), cuneiform sign be is used for "lord", Akkadian "bēlu". In EA 362, be is only used for the spelling of "lord".
The entire topic of EA 362 is developed on the reverse side, (starting halfway on obverse). The listing of be uses, 10-times, on the reverse (and side lines of 66-69), are as follows:
For "King, Lord-mine" (and partials):
(line 32)--LUGAL (39)--LUGAL be-li-ia (40)--be-li (42)--be-li (46)--LUGAL (48)--LUGAL be-liline 51
(51)--ù be-li i-di i-nu-maline 51
"And..Lord know, ..now ("now at this time")..." "And..Lord know, ..[that] "now at this time"..." (a segue to the letter's ending!) (53)--be-li-ia (60)--LUGAL be-li-ia (64)--LUGAL be-li-ia (65)--LUGAL (66)--LUGAL be-li (68)--LUGAL be-li-iaBesides be in EA 362, bat is used on the letter's obverse (two adjacent lines).