BORSCHT

Functions

Battery feed

The central office provides a DC voltage level of nominally 48 V between the tip and ring conductors for talk and signaling current. The available DC current may range from 20 mA to 120 mA.

Over-voltage protection

Aerial lines may be struck by lightning or falling power lines, consequently arrestors such as gas tubes and carbon blocks are used in the central office to reduce the voltage. However the line card must typically be able to withstand 1000 volt spikes.

Ringing

The ringing voltage is typically 86 V (RMS) at a frequency of 20 Hz, 2 seconds ON, 4 seconds OFF. Some selective frequency systems used frequencies as low as 16 Hz and as high as 66 Hz for station selection.

Signaling

Signaling is often referred to as supervision. The circuit detects the on-hook and off-hook conditions by monitoring the loop current. In rotary dial systems, it decodes dial pulses. It includes decoding of dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) dialing, hook flash, and other signals.

Coding

Coding includes µ-Law coding in North America and A-Law coding in Europe. This includes the A/D and D/A conversion, companding and framing for time-division multiplexing.

Hybrid

The hybrid function involves two-wire to four-wire circuit conversions. This was originally performed by a hybrid transformer (induction coil) but has largely been superseded by DSP devices.

Test

External tests allow the local loop and handset to be directly connected to test equipment in the central office. Loop-in tests could measure the input return loss (IRL). Loop-around tests measure the hybrid and codec performance.