Harman Patil (Editor)

Attwater's prairie chicken

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Kingdom
  
Animalia

Subfamily
  
Tetraoninae

Phylum
  
Chordata

Rank
  
Subspecies

Family
  
Phasianidae

Genus
  
Tympanuchus

Higher classification
  
Greater prairie chicken

Order
  
Galliformes

Attwater's prairie chicken Attwater39s Prairie Chicken

Scientific name
  
Tympanuchus cupido attwateri

Similar
  
Greater prairie chi, Bird, Tympanuchus, Grouse, Heath hen

Attwater s prairie chicken booms


Attwater's prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) is a highly endangered subspecies of the greater prairie chicken that is native to coastal Texas and Louisiana in the United States.

Contents

Attwater s prairie chicken


Description

Attwater's prairie chicken Attwater39s Prairie Chicken Trip to Texas Save the Last Dance A

Attwater's prairie chicken measures 17-18 in (43-45.5 cm) and weighs roughly 1.5 to 2.0 lb (0.7 to 0.9 kg). It has a 28-in (70-cm) wingspan. These grouse have strong vertical bars of dark brown and buff-white patterna over the mantle, flanks, and underparts. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with the males having elongated feathers, called pinnae, erected to form what looks like ear-like structures. The male also has as a bright orange or golden air sac on either side of his neck, which he inflates during mating displays.

Habitat and range

Attwater's prairie chicken Attwater39s Prairie Chicken Trip to Texas Save the Last Dance A

T. c. attwateri is endemic to the Western Gulf coastal grasslands. Its range historically stretched yass from Bayou Teche in Louisiana to the Nueces River in Texas, possibly as far south as Tamaulipas, Mexico, and inland for 75 mi (121 km). This covered an area of 6 million acres (24,000 kmĀ²). Today, populations exist in the wild at two locations: the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge near Eagle Lake, Texas, and on private lands in Goliad County.

Reproduction

Attwater's prairie chicken httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsthu

The mating display can be seen January through mid-May, peaking in mid-March, when the birds gather in small groups on short grass, bare ground, or hilly areas to choose a mate. This area is called a lek or "booming ground." In these areas, the females watch the males and choose their mate. The male emits a booming, "woo-woo" sound from his neck sac and struts around to attract a female. Some of the traditional dances of the North American Plains Indians are based on this booming display. Later, the hens build grass nests on the ground, hidden in tall grass, where they lay their eggs.

Diet and predation

Attwater's prairie chicken Attwater39s Prairie Chicken Booms YouTube

This species has a diverse diet, eating grass shoots, petals of flowers, seeds, and insects such as grasshoppers. Their predators include hawks, owls, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, opossums, and snakes. Chicks are susceptible to flooding.

Conservation

Attwater's prairie chicken Prairie Dancers The Attwater39s Prairie Chicken

In 1900, up to one million Attwater's prairie chickens inhabited the coastal grasslands. Loss of habitat is believed to be the prime reason for their decline. One of the major factors contributing to the habitat loss was the widespread planting, beginning in the early 1900s, of Chinese tallow trees (Triadica sebifera) to establish a soapmaking industry. Since that time, T. sebifera has proven to be an aggressive invader of the coastal grasslands where it displaces the diverse native plant assemblage that was dominated by prairie grasses and forbs with dense near monospecific stands, that significantly alter biotic and abiotic ecosystem processes. Urbanization further contributes to habitat loss. As a result of these changes over the last 100 years, the entire grassland ecosystem where Attwaters's prairie chicken once thrived exists in small, scattered patches whose continued existence is threatened. Where once grazing Plains bison and periodic wildfires due to lightning reduced brush, the birds now have difficulty making their way through thick undergrowth. Other, less-apparent changes in the ecosystem possibly have had an effect, as well.

Attwater's prairie chicken has been on the endangered species list since March 1967.

In 2014, an estimated 260 birds remained, with about 100 living in the wild. Captive-breeding programs are underway at places such as Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Abilene Zoo, and Caldwell Zoo (Tyler, TX). Through a partnership with the Houston Zoo, a captive-breeding flock is residing on the grounds of the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center near Clear Lake.

References

Attwater's prairie chicken Wikipedia


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