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History
An interesting characteristic feature of Somali folktales is that most of the principal characters in them are females, rather than males. There is no male personage in these popular tales as famous as the two female heroine of Arraweelo and Dhegdheer. Most of existing Somali oral literature, such as stories, songs,proverbs, etc., suggest that Arraweelo is to be considered as mythological personage created by popular fantasy over the centuries. There are other stories, however, which seem to indicate that Arraweelo did actually live and rule most, if not all of the Somali territories. These semi-biographical tales, which give us many personal details of this fabulous queen, are among the well-known Arraweelo stories. For instance Arraweelo's mother was said to have been called Haramaanyo; but no mention is made in the tales about her father's was. She was the first born of three daughters and natural heir to the dynasty. Like many female rulers, Arraweelo fought for female empowerment; she believed society should be based on a matriarchy. She is one of the earliest female rulers in the world who was also a figure of female empowerment, and was known to castrate male prisoners. Arraweelo was well-known throughout Africa, and the Queen of Sheba was said to send gifts to her in the form of gold coins as a congratulatory gesture (although the Queen of Sheba is usually placed in the 10th century BC).
The queen was well known for defying gender roles. Before she was queen, during the Buraan droughts, she and a team of women fetched water and hunted to prevent her town from migrating and to relieve starvation. During her reign, Arraweelo's husband objected to her self-ascribed role as the breadwinner to all of society, as he thought women should be restrict themselves to merely domestic duties about the house and leave everything else to men. In response, Arawelo demanded that all women across the land abandon their womanly role in society, and started hanging men by their testicles. The strike was successful, forcing men to assume more child-rearing and creating a role reversal in society.
Arraweelo thought this role reversal was necessary since she saw women as natural peacekeepers. Growing up she noticed that women weren't treated well and the men were more often instigators, participators and conductors of war & politics. She did not only fight for the liberation of women in feudal society but for the dominance of women as she saw them as better, more efficient leaders.
The exact location of her Kingdom is uncertain because any architecture let behind by her kingdom would've almost disappeared considering the great timescale but she was most likely buried somewhere in Northern Somalia specifically in the Sanaag region of Somalia since there are many stories of men from that region throwing rocks at her supposed grave and women laying flowers on her grave. Her throne was passed down to an unknown next of kin, though many versions suggest it was her niece, Araxsan.
Arraweelo was by far the greatest ruler in Somali history. Many versions of her story have been passed down for thousands of years but all of her stories fully acknowledge her existence and the great power she had over all Somalis. She has definitely left a mark on Somali people everywhere. Somali women have since been protected by the Somali Xeer and women still hold a very strong position in politics and the household thousands of years after the death of the Queen though their strong influence has since diminished greatly mainly due to Islam.
References to Arraweelo in Somali culture today include nicknaming a girl/woman who is very assertive and dominant "Caraweelo". She is also, by one source, claimed to have been the Harla queen of the ancient Somali people but this does not conform with the fact that she is just commonly interpreted as a folkloric figure, with there being no evidence that she existed.