Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust
Mass fraction, in kg/kg.
Contents
- Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust
- Urban soils
- Sea water
- Sun and solar system
- References
Urban soils
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered as their geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, reflecting the combined impact of technogenic and natural processes occurring during certain time period (the end of the 20th century–beginning of the 21st century). The figures were established on the base of average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. In spite of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the general patterns of element abundances in urban soils repeat those in the Earth's crust in a great measure. With the development of science and technology the abundances may gradually change. The rate of these changes is still poorly predictable. The abundances of chemical elements may be used during various ecological and geochemical studies.
Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).
Sea water
Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)
Sun and solar system
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.